{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406687656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad95f6","title":"Detecting Stellar Flares in Photometric Data Using Hidden Markov Models","display_name":"Detecting Stellar Flares in Photometric Data Using Hidden Markov Models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406687656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad95f6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad95f6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad95f6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad95f6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad95f6","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106749992","display_name":"J. Arturo Esquivel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0387-6544","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0387-6544"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Arturo Esquivel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0387-6544","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069669771","display_name":"Yunyi Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2779-6507","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2779-6507"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunyi Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2779-6507","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045313805","display_name":"Vianey Leos Barajas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8016-773X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8016-773X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vianey Leos-Barajas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8016-773X","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019703423","display_name":"Gwendolyn M. Eadie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3734-8177","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3734-8177"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gwendolyn Eadie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3734-8177","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057507231","display_name":"Joshua S. Speagle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2573-9832","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2573-9832"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua S. Speagle","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2573-9832","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012428925","display_name":"Radu V. Craiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1348-8063","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1348-8063"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Radu V Craiu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1348-8063","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082240598","display_name":"Amber A. Medina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8726-3134","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8726-3134"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amber Medina","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8726-3134","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090455120","display_name":"James R. A. Davenport","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0637-835X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0637-835X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James R. A. Davenport","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0637-835X","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"fwci":1.8114,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8429234,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"979","issue":"2","first_page":"141","last_page":"141"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12917","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysical Research","score":0.005400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10251","display_name":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stellar-flares","display_name":"stellar flares","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flare-detection","display_name":"flare detection","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-models","display_name":"hidden Markov models","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-curves","display_name":"light curves","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stellar-oscillations","display_name":"stellar oscillations","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series-modeling","display_name":"time series modeling","score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tess","display_name":"TESS","score":0.5049999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.9100632667541504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.6704694032669067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.5062434077262878}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad95f6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad95f6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad95f6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2404.13145","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2404.13145","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.13145","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d1cbba436062459b992febc03fa460b0","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d1cbba436062459b992febc03fa460b0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal, Vol 979, Iss 2, p 141 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2404.13145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2404.13145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2404.13145","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad95f6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad95f6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad95f6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6691678776","display_name":"Statistics for Stars and Galaxies: techniques for non-parametric time series analysis and Bayesian inference in astronomy","funder_award_id":"rgpin-2020-04554","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322015","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406687656.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406687656.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977950891","https://openalex.org/W1987114968","https://openalex.org/W1991133427","https://openalex.org/W2014565138","https://openalex.org/W2018270005","https://openalex.org/W2021339324","https://openalex.org/W2022907109","https://openalex.org/W2052441401","https://openalex.org/W2086699924","https://openalex.org/W2090117733","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2141434626","https://openalex.org/W2142384583","https://openalex.org/W2577537660","https://openalex.org/W2588010031","https://openalex.org/W2758612882","https://openalex.org/W2766440465","https://openalex.org/W2767848202","https://openalex.org/W2908243666","https://openalex.org/W2949971166","https://openalex.org/W2950219907","https://openalex.org/W2963064277","https://openalex.org/W2963532084","https://openalex.org/W2997206660","https://openalex.org/W3005494241","https://openalex.org/W3008308101","https://openalex.org/W3013405022","https://openalex.org/W3024332222","https://openalex.org/W3046449895","https://openalex.org/W3095006431","https://openalex.org/W3099676812","https://openalex.org/W4205892261","https://openalex.org/W4211177544","https://openalex.org/W4214650630","https://openalex.org/W4256357823","https://openalex.org/W4288603027","https://openalex.org/W4322617729","https://openalex.org/W4400185538"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7117120082","https://openalex.org/W1968126622","https://openalex.org/W2921081645","https://openalex.org/W4404082775","https://openalex.org/W4403160219","https://openalex.org/W4402955665","https://openalex.org/W4416095019","https://openalex.org/W6968695475","https://openalex.org/W4410387382","https://openalex.org/W7214002589"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1,126,163,214],"present":[2],"a":[3,19,72,131,206],"hidden":[4],"Markov":[5],"model":[6,22,133],"(HMM)":[7],"for":[8,31,111,119,136],"discovering":[9],"stellar":[10,59,101,122,138,160,211],"flares":[11,158,175],"in":[12,35,76,159,198],"light-curve":[13],"data":[14,25],"of":[15,55,58,71,78,100,121,151],"stars.":[16],"HMMs":[17],"provide":[18],"framework":[20,65],"to":[21,33,74,96,154,209,220],"time":[23,84,161],"series":[24],"that":[26,45,134,166,186],"are":[27],"nonstationary;":[28],"they":[29],"allow":[30],"systems":[32],"be":[34,75],"different":[36,39],"states":[37,80],"at":[38,81],"times":[40],"and":[41,105,116,147,156,172,190],"consider":[42],"the":[43,47,53,56,63,68,113,149,167,228],"probabilities":[44],"describe":[46],"switching":[48],"dynamics":[49],"between":[50],"states.":[51],"In":[52],"context":[54],"discovery":[57],"flares,":[60,102],"we":[61,145,183],"exploit":[62],"HMM":[64,92,129,169,229],"by":[66,224],"allowing":[67],"light":[69],"curve":[70],"star":[73,222],"one":[77,221],"three":[79],"any":[82],"given":[83],"step:":[85],"quiet,":[86],"firing,":[87],"or":[88],"decaying.":[89],"This":[90,108],"three-state":[91],"formulation":[93],"is":[94,109,117],"designed":[95],"enable":[97],"straightforward":[98],"identification":[99],"their":[103],"duration,":[104],"associated":[106],"uncertainty.":[107],"crucial":[110],"estimating":[112],"flare's":[114],"energy,":[115],"useful":[118],"studies":[120],"flare":[123,191,212],"energy":[124,174],"distributions.":[125],"combine":[127],"our":[128,152],"with":[130,216,231],"celerite":[132],"accounts":[135],"quasiperiodic":[137],"oscillations.":[139],"Through":[140],"an":[141,217],"injection":[142],"recovery":[143],"experiment,":[144],"demonstrate":[146,185],"evaluate":[148],"ability":[150],"method":[153,204],"detect":[155],"characterize":[157],"series.":[162],"also":[164],"show":[165],"proposed":[168],"flags":[170],"fainter":[171],"lower":[173],"more":[176],"easily":[177],"than":[178],"traditional":[179],"sigma-clipping":[180],"methods.":[181],"Lastly,":[182],"visually":[184],"simultaneously":[187],"conducting":[188],"detrending":[189],"detection":[192],"can":[193],"mitigate":[194],"biased":[195],"estimations":[196],"arising":[197],"multistage":[199],"modeling":[200],"approaches.":[201],"Thus,":[202],"this":[203],"paves":[205],"new":[207],"way":[208],"calculate":[210],"energy.":[213],"conclude":[215],"example":[218],"application":[219],"observed":[223],"TESS,":[225],"showing":[226],"how":[227],"compares":[230],"sigma":[232],"clipping":[233],"when":[234],"using":[235],"real":[236],"data.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2025-01-22T00:00:00"}