{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406526097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3379","title":"Enacting Colonial and Neoliberal Governmentalities through American ELT Programs in Pakistan","display_name":"Enacting Colonial and Neoliberal Governmentalities through American ELT Programs in Pakistan","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406526097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3379"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/tesq.3379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3379","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/tesq.3379","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S177238307","display_name":"TESOL Quarterly","issn_l":"0039-8322","issn":["0039-8322","1545-7249"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"TESOL Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/tesq.3379","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021054139","display_name":"Waqar Ali Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0651-8882","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0651-8882"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180291457","display_name":"Mehran University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0575ttm03","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94722563","display_name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","ror":"https://ror.org/05n3dz165","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}],"countries":["FI","PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Waqar Ali Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Applied Language Studies University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland","Center of English Language and Linguistics, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan","Email: [email protected]","[email protected]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0651-8882","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Language Studies University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of English Language and Linguistics, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Email: [email protected]","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[email protected]","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021054139"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180291457","https://openalex.org/I94722563"],"apc_list":{"value":2850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2850},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":70.629,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99814646,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"3","first_page":"1750","last_page":"1785"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.28780001401901245,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.28780001401901245,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10265","display_name":"Multilingual Education and Policy","score":0.2833999991416931,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14123","display_name":"Decolonial Thought and Epistemologies","score":0.16200000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neoliberalism","display_name":"neoliberalism","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coloniality","display_name":"coloniality","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/governmentality","display_name":"governmentality","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-language-teaching","display_name":"English language teaching","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pakistan","display_name":"Pakistan","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-imperialism","display_name":"linguistic imperialism","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decolonial-discourse","display_name":"decolonial discourse","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subaltern-epistemologies","display_name":"subaltern epistemologies","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-perceptions","display_name":"teacher perceptions","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/9-11-aftermath","display_name":"9/11 aftermath","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-south","display_name":"Global South","score":0.4390000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C531593650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7167","display_name":"Colonialism","level":2,"score":0.7354154586791992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.39412355422973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.37551793456077576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.11116024851799011}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/tesq.3379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3379","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/tesq.3379","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S177238307","display_name":"TESOL Quarterly","issn_l":"0039-8322","issn":["0039-8322","1545-7249"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"TESOL Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:jyx.jyu.fi:123456789/102443","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202505194377","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400563","display_name":"Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 University Digital Archive (University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I94722563","host_organization_name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"research article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/tesq.3379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3379","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/tesq.3379","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S177238307","display_name":"TESOL Quarterly","issn_l":"0039-8322","issn":["0039-8322","1545-7249"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"TESOL Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8278999924659729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.6601999998092651,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4074000120162964,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309370","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310419","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406526097.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406526097.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":94,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W145842672","https://openalex.org/W357179966","https://openalex.org/W605475949","https://openalex.org/W615958468","https://openalex.org/W768267441","https://openalex.org/W1491761762","https://openalex.org/W1504562987","https://openalex.org/W1518258867","https://openalex.org/W1521076332","https://openalex.org/W1565004263","https://openalex.org/W1863049520","https://openalex.org/W1977214969","https://openalex.org/W1990089524","https://openalex.org/W1993143791","https://openalex.org/W2001038578","https://openalex.org/W2031676468","https://openalex.org/W2047444021","https://openalex.org/W2049462129","https://openalex.org/W2057002389","https://openalex.org/W2059844248","https://openalex.org/W2060873025","https://openalex.org/W2067414636","https://openalex.org/W2069268776","https://openalex.org/W2092904794","https://openalex.org/W2109414002","https://openalex.org/W2141022540","https://openalex.org/W2241756689","https://openalex.org/W2322537551","https://openalex.org/W2482943550","https://openalex.org/W2490996775","https://openalex.org/W2503690128","https://openalex.org/W2503727528","https://openalex.org/W2597930402","https://openalex.org/W2606613025","https://openalex.org/W2734029276","https://openalex.org/W2734386536","https://openalex.org/W2884240286","https://openalex.org/W2888028619","https://openalex.org/W2888365494","https://openalex.org/W2888650436","https://openalex.org/W2888664418","https://openalex.org/W2895238394","https://openalex.org/W2895649879","https://openalex.org/W2903467553","https://openalex.org/W2908459415","https://openalex.org/W2950504429","https://openalex.org/W3032626846","https://openalex.org/W3083165244","https://openalex.org/W3130506747","https://openalex.org/W3131845335","https://openalex.org/W3164727305","https://openalex.org/W3199391483","https://openalex.org/W3199949130","https://openalex.org/W4221081221","https://openalex.org/W4221114643","https://openalex.org/W4226016196","https://openalex.org/W4231926296","https://openalex.org/W4253675272","https://openalex.org/W4281848747","https://openalex.org/W4281858193","https://openalex.org/W4283219850","https://openalex.org/W4291320096","https://openalex.org/W4294323080","https://openalex.org/W4297439706","https://openalex.org/W4297877770","https://openalex.org/W4299578006","https://openalex.org/W4299908315","https://openalex.org/W4300664839","https://openalex.org/W4300828079","https://openalex.org/W4309190641","https://openalex.org/W4313224276","https://openalex.org/W4313431276","https://openalex.org/W4318311113","https://openalex.org/W4324139139","https://openalex.org/W4327843347","https://openalex.org/W4353027862","https://openalex.org/W4366750552","https://openalex.org/W4367672937","https://openalex.org/W4375866967","https://openalex.org/W4380482188","https://openalex.org/W4380787031","https://openalex.org/W4385469780","https://openalex.org/W4386504613","https://openalex.org/W4387607999","https://openalex.org/W4388182887","https://openalex.org/W4388531859","https://openalex.org/W4390816175","https://openalex.org/W4393069423","https://openalex.org/W4393963306","https://openalex.org/W4394850392","https://openalex.org/W4399745986","https://openalex.org/W4399807216","https://openalex.org/W4399820265","https://openalex.org/W4403361099"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4380482188","https://openalex.org/W7217829422","https://openalex.org/W6983697004","https://openalex.org/W4416813807","https://openalex.org/W4283018769","https://openalex.org/W4367592957","https://openalex.org/W2999621708","https://openalex.org/W3089334160","https://openalex.org/W7171959309","https://openalex.org/W3164727305"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Several":[1],"scholars":[2],"have":[3,60],"examined":[4],"the":[5,37,55,125,170,178,192,197,201],"increasing":[6],"influence":[7],"of":[8,141,177,203],"neoliberalism":[9,204],"in":[10,27,48,52,63,72,91,146,167,188,210],"TESOL/ELT,":[11],"including":[12,70],"pedagogy,":[13],"curricula,":[14],"and":[15,66,83,98,108,116,144,153,174,180,205,229,233],"policy":[16],"discourses.":[17],"These":[18],"neoliberal":[19,42,115],"rationalities":[20],"are,":[21],"however,":[22],"not":[23],"detached":[24],"from":[25,131],"coloniality":[26],"Global":[28],"Southern":[29],"countries.":[30],"Taking":[31],"Pakistan":[32,71],"as":[33,77,79,119,156,158,223,236,238],"a":[34,154],"case":[35],"study,":[36],"present":[38],"study":[39,112,184],"examines":[40],"how":[41,124],"subjectivities":[43],"intersect":[44],"with":[45,169],"colonial":[46,117,193],"logics":[47],"US\u2010funded":[49],"ELT":[50,127,211],"programs":[51,59,128,220],"Pakistan.":[53],"Since":[54],"9/11":[56],"attacks,":[57],"these":[58,164,218],"been":[61],"implemented":[62,222],"many":[64],"Muslim":[65],"South":[67],"Asian":[68],"countries,":[69],"an":[73],"attempt":[74,134],"to":[75,122,135,148,190,226],"secularize":[76],"well":[78,157,237],"de\u2010radicalize":[80],"their":[81],"academic":[82],"social":[84],"spaces.":[85],"Two":[86],"data":[87],"sources":[88],"were":[89],"used":[90],"this":[92,183],"study:":[93],"(a)":[94],"online":[95],"teaching":[96],"materials":[97],"(b)":[99],"local":[100,171],"teachers'":[101],"perspectives":[102],"gathered":[103],"through":[104,139],"open\u2010ended":[105],"Google":[106],"survey":[107],"semi\u2010structured":[109],"interviews.":[110],"The":[111,207],"draws":[113],"on":[114],"governmentalities":[118,165],"theoretical":[120],"lens":[121],"suggest":[123],"US\u2010financed":[126],"for":[129,214],"students":[130],"humble":[132],"backgrounds":[133],"fabricate":[136],"entrepreneurial":[137],"\u201cselves\u201d":[138],"discourses":[140],"linguistic":[142,151,175],"entrepreneurship":[143],"instrumentalism":[145],"addition":[147],"propagating":[149],"American":[150],"imperialism":[152],"cognitive":[155],"aesthetic":[159],"feudalism.":[160],"It":[161],"appears":[162],"that":[163],"are":[166,221],"conflict":[168],"cultural,":[172],"religious,":[173],"resources":[176,235],"teachers":[179],"learners.":[181],"Thus,":[182],"joins":[185],"decolonial":[186],"discourse":[187],"order":[189],"crumble":[191],"wall":[194],"built":[195],"around":[196],"abyssal":[198,208],"thinking":[199,209],"surrounding":[200],"nexus":[202],"coloniality.":[206],"has":[212],"implications":[213],"several":[215],"contexts,":[216],"where":[217],"U.S.\u2010sponsored":[219],"they":[224],"tend":[225],"silence,":[227],"exclude,":[228],"peripheralize":[230],"diverse":[231],"pedagogical":[232],"cultural":[234],"subaltern":[239],"epistemologies.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2025-01-18T00:00:00"}