{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406436728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010113","title":"Immune-Boosting and Antiviral Effects of Antioxidants in COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Therapeutic Perspective","display_name":"Immune-Boosting and Antiviral Effects of Antioxidants in COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Therapeutic Perspective","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406436728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010113","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39860053","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11766556"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/life15010113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010113","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/1/113/pdf?version=1737038260","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200765","display_name":"Life","issn_l":"2075-1729","issn":["2075-1729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/1/113/pdf?version=1737038260","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027868894","display_name":"Stefano Sanduzzi Zamparelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3336-7290","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3336-7290"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087768","display_name":"Ospedale Antonio Cardarelli","ror":"https://ror.org/003hhqx84","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087768"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Sanduzzi Zamparelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Pneumology and Semi-intensive Respiratory Therapy, A. Cardarelli Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3336-7290","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Pneumology and Semi-intensive Respiratory Therapy, A. Cardarelli Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087768"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087122703","display_name":"Alessandro Sanduzzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0977-2643","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0977-2643"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387156277","display_name":"ERN LUNG","ror":"https://ror.org/0279ntc65","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2800387288","https://openalex.org/I4387155652","https://openalex.org/I4387156277"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71267560","display_name":"University of Naples Federico II","ror":"https://ror.org/05290cv24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["DE","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Sanduzzi Zamparelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples \"Federico II\", 80131 Naples, Italy","ERN Lung, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany","UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, University of Naples \"Federico II\", 80131 Naples, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0977-2643","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples \"Federico II\", 80131 Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ERN Lung, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387156277"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, University of Naples \"Federico II\", 80131 Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042139511","display_name":"Marialuisa Bocchino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5477-072X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5477-072X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71267560","display_name":"University of Naples Federico II","ror":"https://ror.org/05290cv24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marialuisa Bocchino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples \"Federico II\", 80131 Naples, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples \"Federico II\", 80131 Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027868894"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087768"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.7886,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61678287,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"113","last_page":"113"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10041","display_name":"COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies","score":0.9154999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10041","display_name":"COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies","score":0.9154999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12554","display_name":"Vitamin C and Antioxidants Research","score":0.025800000876188278,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10445","display_name":"Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress","score":0.020600000396370888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2704","display_name":"Biochemistry (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19-pneumonia","display_name":"COVID-19 pneumonia","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antioxidants","display_name":"antioxidants","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sars-cov-2","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-stress","display_name":"oxidative stress","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reactive-oxygen-species","display_name":"reactive oxygen species","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytokine-storm","display_name":"cytokine storm","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitamin-c","display_name":"vitamin C","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitamin-e","display_name":"vitamin E","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitric-oxide","display_name":"nitric oxide","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ozone-therapy","display_name":"ozone therapy","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/n-acetylcysteine","display_name":"N-acetylcysteine","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polyphenols","display_name":"polyphenols","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunomodulation","display_name":"immunomodulation","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiviral-therapy","display_name":"antiviral therapy","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endothelial-function","display_name":"endothelial function","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thrombosis","display_name":"thrombosis","score":0.9580000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898814","display_name":"Oxidative stress","level":2,"score":0.7296911478042603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779559532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076369","display_name":"Cytokine storm","level":5,"score":0.7142065763473511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.6774954795837402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.5345266461372375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48349386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424361","display_name":"Reactive oxygen species","level":2,"score":0.5123692750930786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.49674683809280396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777914695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12192","display_name":"Pneumonia","level":2,"score":0.48461660742759705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776914184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991","display_name":"Inflammation","level":2,"score":0.44673749804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2975562512874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.24307873845100403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.15718838572502136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.12419435381889343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.11470121145248413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.08134016394615173}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/life15010113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010113","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/1/113/pdf?version=1737038260","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200765","display_name":"Life","issn_l":"2075-1729","issn":["2075-1729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202411.2319.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202411.2319.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202411.2319.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11766556","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11766556","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11766556/pdf/life-15-00113.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Life (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:39860053","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39860053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Life (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d612891df4974bde89dc1a58a7712955","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d612891df4974bde89dc1a58a7712955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Life, Vol 15, Iss 1, p 113 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/life15010113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010113","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/15/1/113/pdf?version=1737038260","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200765","display_name":"Life","issn_l":"2075-1729","issn":["2075-1729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Life","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406436728.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406436728.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":140,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1811160107","https://openalex.org/W1962181495","https://openalex.org/W1965545860","https://openalex.org/W1991530716","https://openalex.org/W2002592591","https://openalex.org/W2013048589","https://openalex.org/W2022840056","https://openalex.org/W2024007859","https://openalex.org/W2036597544","https://openalex.org/W2063915148","https://openalex.org/W2065016714","https://openalex.org/W2106772621","https://openalex.org/W2108429313","https://openalex.org/W2114103578","https://openalex.org/W2114244238","https://openalex.org/W2117809990","https://openalex.org/W2151562177","https://openalex.org/W2156333187","https://openalex.org/W2159099334","https://openalex.org/W2159812564","https://openalex.org/W2161825679","https://openalex.org/W2164555448","https://openalex.org/W2169993347","https://openalex.org/W2239222919","https://openalex.org/W2470646526","https://openalex.org/W2566510183","https://openalex.org/W2583602950","https://openalex.org/W2613077380","https://openalex.org/W2758120384","https://openalex.org/W2766820812","https://openalex.org/W2767059189","https://openalex.org/W2794813666","https://openalex.org/W2909952019","https://openalex.org/W2959533867","https://openalex.org/W2977803759","https://openalex.org/W2997145899","https://openalex.org/W3001897055","https://openalex.org/W3013463190","https://openalex.org/W3014050022","https://openalex.org/W3015356318","https://openalex.org/W3016268727","https://openalex.org/W3016313148","https://openalex.org/W3019953940","https://openalex.org/W3023179704","https://openalex.org/W3035876959","https://openalex.org/W3037127489","https://openalex.org/W3041759377","https://openalex.org/W3043391693","https://openalex.org/W3043843870","https://openalex.org/W3044446641","https://openalex.org/W3047012230","https://openalex.org/W3048965350","https://openalex.org/W3049748772","https://openalex.org/W3080192750","https://openalex.org/W3080788953","https://openalex.org/W3088455180","https://openalex.org/W3091811581","https://openalex.org/W3091977890","https://openalex.org/W3092640439","https://openalex.org/W3093038587","https://openalex.org/W3095048012","https://openalex.org/W3095258997","https://openalex.org/W3097879441","https://openalex.org/W3101672167","https://openalex.org/W3106610324","https://openalex.org/W3111955960","https://openalex.org/W3113240376","https://openalex.org/W3113837176","https://openalex.org/W3113913409","https://openalex.org/W3115031553","https://openalex.org/W3126665584","https://openalex.org/W3133932534","https://openalex.org/W3152913235","https://openalex.org/W3153355149","https://openalex.org/W3158175214","https://openalex.org/W3161490945","https://openalex.org/W3163686739","https://openalex.org/W3165242195","https://openalex.org/W3168806141","https://openalex.org/W3170317410","https://openalex.org/W3173791274","https://openalex.org/W3174159189","https://openalex.org/W3174508896","https://openalex.org/W3176713326","https://openalex.org/W3193631190","https://openalex.org/W3196127628","https://openalex.org/W3202265724","https://openalex.org/W3211355884","https://openalex.org/W3212135511","https://openalex.org/W3215561721","https://openalex.org/W4200298888","https://openalex.org/W4205237763","https://openalex.org/W4206644256","https://openalex.org/W4213120973","https://openalex.org/W4214675202","https://openalex.org/W4220836343","https://openalex.org/W4220849859","https://openalex.org/W4221026046","https://openalex.org/W4221107345","https://openalex.org/W4225154664","https://openalex.org/W4283687676","https://openalex.org/W4288438939","https://openalex.org/W4292707824","https://openalex.org/W4297006781","https://openalex.org/W4300817940","https://openalex.org/W4302305224","https://openalex.org/W4303411569","https://openalex.org/W4303962243","https://openalex.org/W4308423532","https://openalex.org/W4308568375","https://openalex.org/W4309329931","https://openalex.org/W4310542955","https://openalex.org/W4315782490","https://openalex.org/W4318586276","https://openalex.org/W4319293965","https://openalex.org/W4319869054","https://openalex.org/W4353089769","https://openalex.org/W4362460075","https://openalex.org/W4377047452","https://openalex.org/W4377107303","https://openalex.org/W4385143118","https://openalex.org/W4385331801","https://openalex.org/W4386750438","https://openalex.org/W4387931382","https://openalex.org/W4388126979","https://openalex.org/W4388586989","https://openalex.org/W4388699332","https://openalex.org/W4388760363","https://openalex.org/W4389565508","https://openalex.org/W4392595831","https://openalex.org/W4392960081","https://openalex.org/W4395037565","https://openalex.org/W4396809386","https://openalex.org/W4396938776","https://openalex.org/W4399524600","https://openalex.org/W4400122306","https://openalex.org/W6775989453","https://openalex.org/W6801657461","https://openalex.org/W6803286805","https://openalex.org/W6805680168"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3134624573","https://openalex.org/W4408835872","https://openalex.org/W4220984745","https://openalex.org/W3088446286","https://openalex.org/W4294243064","https://openalex.org/W4318586276","https://openalex.org/W3203793351","https://openalex.org/W4393132354","https://openalex.org/W3132858124","https://openalex.org/W4296683893"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,27],"COVID-19":[1,30,70,153,187,246],"pandemic":[2],"caused":[3],"by":[4,33,72,167,188],"Severe":[5],"Acute":[6],"Respiratory":[7],"Syndrome":[8],"Coronavirus":[9],"2":[10],"(SARS-CoV-2)":[11],"has":[12],"profoundly":[13],"impacted":[14],"global":[15],"health,":[16],"with":[17,97,211,226,254],"pneumonia":[18,71],"emerging":[19],"as":[20],"a":[21,83,149,235],"major":[22],"complication":[23],"in":[24,47,55,68,94,203,244,273],"severe":[25],"cases.":[26],"pathogenesis":[28],"of":[29,36,86,92,145,186,201,239,242,264],"is":[31,258],"marked":[32],"the":[34,56,87,90,136,143,146,184,195,224,240,262],"overproduction":[35],"reactive":[37],"oxygen":[38],"species":[39],"(ROS)":[40],"and":[41,50,76,119,139,155,174,198,266],"an":[42],"excessive":[43],"inflammatory":[44],"response,":[45],"resulting":[46],"oxidative":[48,74,218],"stress":[49,75],"significant":[51],"tissue":[52],"damage,":[53],"particularly":[54],"respiratory":[57],"system.":[58],"Antioxidants":[59],"have":[60,122],"garnered":[61],"considerable":[62],"attention":[63],"for":[64,270],"their":[65,127,271],"potential":[66],"role":[67,241],"managing":[69,245],"mitigating":[73],"modulating":[77],"immune":[78,171],"responses.":[79],"This":[80],"review":[81],"provides":[82],"comprehensive":[84,251],"overview":[85],"literature":[88,225,252],"on":[89],"use":[91,272],"antioxidants":[93,207,243,265],"hospitalized":[95],"patients":[96],"mild-to-moderate":[98],"COVID-19.":[99],"Studies":[100],"exploring":[101],"antioxidants,":[102],"including":[103],"vitamins,":[104],"trace":[105],"elements,":[106],"nitric":[107],"oxide":[108],"(NO),":[109],"ozone":[110],"(O3),":[111],"glutathione":[112],"(GSH),":[113],"L-carnitine,":[114],"melatonin,":[115],"bromelain,":[116],"N-acetylcysteine":[117],"(NAC),":[118],"numerous":[120],"polyphenols,":[121],"yielded":[123],"promising":[124],"outcomes.":[125],"Through":[126],"ROS-scavenging":[128],"properties,":[129],"these":[130,180],"molecules":[131,181],"support":[132],"endothelial":[133],"function,":[134,173],"reduce":[135,216],"thrombosis":[137],"risk,":[138],"may":[140,163,182,208],"help":[141],"mitigate":[142,183],"effects":[144,192],"cytokine":[147],"storm,":[148],"key":[150],"contributor":[151],"to":[152,215,260],"morbidity":[154],"mortality.":[156],"Clinical":[157],"evidence":[158],"suggests":[159],"that":[160,193],"antioxidant":[161],"supplementation":[162],"improve":[164],"patient":[165],"outcomes":[166],"decreasing":[168],"inflammation,":[169],"supporting":[170],"cell":[172],"potentially":[175],"shortening":[176],"recovery":[177],"times.":[178],"Furthermore,":[179],"symptoms":[185],"exerting":[189],"direct":[190],"antiviral":[191,213],"inhibit":[194],"infection":[196],"process":[197],"genomic":[199],"replication":[200],"SARS-CoV-2":[202],"host":[204],"cells.":[205],"Moreover,":[206],"work":[209],"synergistically":[210],"standard":[212],"treatments":[214],"viral-induced":[217],"damage.":[219],"By":[220],"integrating":[221],"findings":[222],"from":[223,229],"real-world":[227,255],"data":[228,256],"our":[230],"clinical":[231,274],"experience,":[232],"we":[233],"gain":[234],"more":[236],"profound":[237],"understanding":[238],"pneumonia.":[247],"Further":[248],"research":[249],"combining":[250],"reviews":[253],"analysis":[257],"crucial":[259],"validate":[261],"efficacy":[263],"establish":[267],"evidence-based":[268],"guidelines":[269],"practice.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2025-01-16T00:00:00"}