{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406273347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2501.05197","title":"An Algorithmic Approach for Causal Health Equity: A Look at Race Differentials in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Outcomes","display_name":"An Algorithmic Approach for Causal Health Equity: A Look at Race Differentials in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Outcomes","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406273347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2501.05197"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2501.05197","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2501.05197","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.05197","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.05197","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077424830","display_name":"Drago Ple\u010dko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5433-196X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5433-196X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Plecko, Drago","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science , Columbia University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science , Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055360397","display_name":"Paul J. Secombe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1137-0512","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1137-0512"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169541294","display_name":"Flinders University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kpzv902","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169541294"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Secombe, Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine , Flinders University "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine , Flinders University ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169541294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108199823","display_name":"Andrea Clarke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3530-5774","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3530-5774"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clarke, Andrea","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Population and Global Health , University of Melbourne "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Population and Global Health , University of Melbourne ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007303291","display_name":"Amelia Fiske","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7207-6897","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7207-6897"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fiske, Amelia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of History and Ethics of Medicine , Technical University of Munich "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of History and Ethics of Medicine , Technical University of Munich ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052783286","display_name":"Samarra Toby","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125554","display_name":"Prince Charles Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02cetwy62","country_code":"AU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302211766","https://openalex.org/I2801244131","https://openalex.org/I4210125554"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toby, Samarra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Prince Charles Hospital Brisbane "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Prince Charles Hospital Brisbane ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Duff, Donisha","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12079687","display_name":"Edith Cowan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jhnwe22","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duff, Donisha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kurongkurl Katitjin , Centre for Indigenous Australian Education and Research , Edith Cowan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kurongkurl Katitjin , Centre for Indigenous Australian Education and Research , Edith Cowan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035420634","display_name":"David V. Pilcher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8939-7985","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8939-7985"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pilcher, David","raw_affiliation_strings":["Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre , Monash University "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre , Monash University ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031401755","display_name":"Leo Anthony Celi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6712-6626","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6712-6626"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Celi, Leo Anthony","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Computational Physiology , Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Computational Physiology , Massachusetts Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011216396","display_name":"Rinaldo Bellomo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1650-8939","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1650-8939"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bellomo, Rinaldo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre , Monash University "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre , Monash University ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039620960","display_name":"Elias Bareinboim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bareinboim, Elias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science , Columbia University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science , Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.6395999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.6395999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.0869000032544136,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12749","display_name":"Race, Genetics, and Society","score":0.06840000301599503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-equity","display_name":"health equity","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-disparities","display_name":"racial disparities","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensive-care-unit-outcomes","display_name":"intensive care unit outcomes","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indigenous-australians","display_name":"Indigenous Australians","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-americans","display_name":"African Americans","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"causal inference","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-disparities","display_name":"health disparities","score":0.4869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensive-care-unit-admission","display_name":"intensive care unit admission","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/icu-readmission","display_name":"ICU readmission","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-care-access","display_name":"primary care access","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality","display_name":"mortality","score":0.3580000102519989}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7610731720924377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.6898651719093323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776376669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5094647","display_name":"Intensive care unit","level":2,"score":0.6729234457015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2250968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1512929","display_name":"Health equity","level":3,"score":0.5390197038650513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.47187796235084534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122637931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","level":2,"score":0.4240923821926117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3534064292907715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.33593523502349854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.33248502016067505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.29328131675720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.16843175888061523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.14047059416770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.11784091591835022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2501.05197","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2501.05197","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.05197","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2501.05197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2501.05197","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2501.05197","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2501.05197","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2501.05197","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.05197","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406273347.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406273347.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387609899","https://openalex.org/W4413197605","https://openalex.org/W4409053683","https://openalex.org/W3157350502","https://openalex.org/W3207696787","https://openalex.org/W2331409952","https://openalex.org/W4394957155","https://openalex.org/W4409489532","https://openalex.org/W4285086320","https://openalex.org/W4410268726"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,36],"new":[1],"era":[2],"of":[3,18,135,170,182,245,254,275,282],"large-scale":[4],"data":[5],"collection":[6],"and":[7,14,43,54,62,81,116,119,232],"analysis":[8],"presents":[9],"an":[10,179,234],"opportunity":[11],"for":[12,28,76,114,222,252,271],"diagnosing":[13],"understanding":[15],"the":[16,63,85,89,125,167,229,242,261,273,279],"causes":[17],"health":[19,31,210],"inequities.":[20],"In":[21],"this":[22,161],"study,":[23],"we":[24,129,259],"describe":[25],"a":[26,131,138,226,268],"framework":[27,37],"systematically":[29],"analyzing":[30],"disparities":[32,45],"using":[33],"causal":[34,90],"inference.":[35],"is":[38,164],"illustrated":[39],"by":[40,278],"investigating":[41],"racial":[42],"ethnic":[44],"in":[46,57,220,228],"intensive":[47],"care":[48],"unit":[49],"(ICU)":[50],"outcome":[51],"between":[52],"majority":[53,150],"minority":[55,98,139,142,176,189,212],"groups":[56],"Australia":[58,283],"(Indigenous":[59],"vs.":[60,67],"Non-Indigenous)":[61],"United":[64],"States":[65],"(African-American":[66],"White).":[68],"We":[69,95,158,185],"demonstrate":[70,159],"that":[71,92,97,160,188,236],"commonly":[72],"used":[73],"statistical":[74],"measures":[75],"quantifying":[77],"inequity":[78],"are":[79,100,108,195,214],"insufficient,":[80],"focus":[82],"on":[83],"attributing":[84],"observed":[86],"disparity":[87],"to":[88,111,137,148,166,173,198,201,205,208,217,238,256],"mechanisms":[91],"generate":[93],"it.":[94],"find":[96,130,187],"patients":[99,143,177,213],"younger":[101],"at":[102],"admission,":[103],"have":[104,120],"worse":[105,206],"chronic":[106],"health,":[107],"more":[109,196,215],"likely":[110,197,216],"be":[112,199,239],"admitted":[113,172],"urgent":[115],"non-elective":[117],"reasons,":[118],"higher":[121],"illness":[122],"severity.":[123],"At":[124],"same":[126],"time,":[127],"however,":[128],"protective":[132,162],"direct":[133],"effect":[134,163,235],"belonging":[136],"group,":[140],"with":[141,152,175],"showing":[144,192],"improved":[145,193],"survival":[146],"compared":[147],"their":[149],"counterparts,":[151],"all":[153],"other":[154],"variables":[155],"kept":[156],"equal.":[157],"related":[165],"increased":[168,180],"probability":[169],"being":[171],"ICU,":[174],"having":[178],"risk":[181,244],"ICU":[183,221,246,276],"admission.":[184],"also":[186],"patients,":[190],"while":[191],"survival,":[194],"readmitted":[200],"ICU.":[202],"Thus,":[203],"due":[204],"access":[207,255],"primary":[209,257],"care,":[211,258],"end":[218],"up":[219],"preventable":[223],"conditions,":[224],"causing":[225],"reduction":[227],"mortality":[230],"rates":[231],"creating":[233],"appears":[237],"protective.":[240],"Since":[241],"baseline":[243],"admission":[247],"may":[248],"serve":[249],"as":[250],"proxy":[251],"lack":[253],"developed":[260],"Indigenous":[262,280],"Intensive":[263],"Care":[264],"Equity":[265],"(IICE)":[266],"Radar,":[267],"monitoring":[269],"system":[270],"tracking":[272],"over-utilization":[274],"resources":[277],"population":[281],"across":[284],"geographical":[285],"areas.":[286]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2025-01-11T00:00:00"}