{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406190847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/app.56707","title":"Robust Fabrication of Anisotropic Bilayer Hydrogel Embedded With a Gradient Structure in One Layer: Enhanced Temperature\u2010Responsive Bending, Shape Programmability, and Actuator and Sensor Applications","display_name":"Robust Fabrication of Anisotropic Bilayer Hydrogel Embedded With a Gradient Structure in One Layer: Enhanced Temperature\u2010Responsive Bending, Shape Programmability, and Actuator and Sensor Applications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406190847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/app.56707"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/app.56707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/app.56707","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/app.56707","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S200764475","display_name":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science","issn_l":"0021-8995","issn":["0021-8995","1097-4628"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033304178","display_name":"Mulenga Kalulu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7439-3570","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7439-3570"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33278361","display_name":"University of Zambia","ror":"https://ror.org/03gh19d69","country_code":"ZM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33278361"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN","ZM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mulenga Kalulu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China","Sustainable Chemistry and Environment Project, Department of Chemistry, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7439-3570","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sustainable Chemistry and Environment Project, Department of Chemistry, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33278361"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056659143","display_name":"Onesmus  M. Munyati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3607-1110","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3607-1110"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33278361","display_name":"University of Zambia","ror":"https://ror.org/03gh19d69","country_code":"ZM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33278361"]}],"countries":["ZM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Onesmus Munyati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sustainable Chemistry and Environment Project, Department of Chemistry, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sustainable Chemistry and Environment Project, Department of Chemistry, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33278361"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076585644","display_name":"Olayinka Oderinde","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2050-0948","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2050-0948"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70593384","display_name":"Lead City University","ror":"https://ror.org/043z5qa52","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70593384"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olayinka Oderinde","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70593384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100734802","display_name":"Jun Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0966-6362","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0966-6362"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049475990","display_name":"Shephrah Olubusola Ogungbesan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4032-283X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4032-283X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shephrah O. Ogungbesan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026182031","display_name":"Guodong Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7571-9675","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7571-9675"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guodong Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7571-9675","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026182031"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":{"value":4140,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4140},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5842,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88536182,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"142","issue":"14","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10343","display_name":"Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1313","display_name":"Molecular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11608","display_name":"Dielectric materials and actuators","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anisotropic-hydrogels","display_name":"anisotropic hydrogels","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilayer-hydrogel","display_name":"bilayer hydrogel","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-structure","display_name":"gradient structure","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shape-programming","display_name":"shape programming","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shape-memory-effect","display_name":"shape memory effect","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogel-actuators","display_name":"hydrogel actuators","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogel-sensors","display_name":"hydrogel sensors","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimuli-responsive-hydrogels","display_name":"stimuli-responsive hydrogels","score":0.6940000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192157962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4087243","display_name":"Bilayer","level":3,"score":0.8326665759086609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.8052673935890198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.803589403629303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7349269390106201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.6396334171295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87210426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1072476","display_name":"Bending","level":2,"score":0.6315918564796448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85725439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466686","display_name":"Anisotropy","level":2,"score":0.5948176980018616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.48358601331710815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.36507749557495117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41625074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088","display_name":"Membrane","level":2,"score":0.2620445489883423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.13788479566574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.09024542570114136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08916500210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06261509656906128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/app.56707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/app.56707","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/app.56707","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S200764475","display_name":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science","issn_l":"0021-8995","issn":["0021-8995","1097-4628"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2676485069","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52073059","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963701882","https://openalex.org/W2013385993","https://openalex.org/W2015859743","https://openalex.org/W2038393566","https://openalex.org/W2145400887","https://openalex.org/W2344312889","https://openalex.org/W2768169234","https://openalex.org/W2782134160","https://openalex.org/W2786350850","https://openalex.org/W2786572537","https://openalex.org/W2805727011","https://openalex.org/W2886119885","https://openalex.org/W2918169964","https://openalex.org/W2978806478","https://openalex.org/W2980967773","https://openalex.org/W2988139359","https://openalex.org/W3005888159","https://openalex.org/W3041899149","https://openalex.org/W3080675481","https://openalex.org/W3093640959","https://openalex.org/W3105836077","https://openalex.org/W3108252687","https://openalex.org/W3119608244","https://openalex.org/W3172088124","https://openalex.org/W3193763352","https://openalex.org/W3215754648","https://openalex.org/W4205928681","https://openalex.org/W4205941136","https://openalex.org/W4213013499","https://openalex.org/W4226171687","https://openalex.org/W4229023198","https://openalex.org/W4283463572","https://openalex.org/W4283797525","https://openalex.org/W4291335200","https://openalex.org/W4310675802","https://openalex.org/W4315754651","https://openalex.org/W4318481112","https://openalex.org/W4320486176","https://openalex.org/W4322721394","https://openalex.org/W4327732530","https://openalex.org/W4327808542","https://openalex.org/W4366527672","https://openalex.org/W4367673170","https://openalex.org/W4376602675","https://openalex.org/W4376872603","https://openalex.org/W4378347467","https://openalex.org/W4378377417","https://openalex.org/W4381188959","https://openalex.org/W4382182430","https://openalex.org/W4382284394","https://openalex.org/W4385493573","https://openalex.org/W4385994519","https://openalex.org/W4386364377","https://openalex.org/W4386577881","https://openalex.org/W4389069930","https://openalex.org/W4390546331","https://openalex.org/W4391288564","https://openalex.org/W4391438802","https://openalex.org/W4394678007","https://openalex.org/W4394881203","https://openalex.org/W4396929006","https://openalex.org/W4399460143","https://openalex.org/W4400503409","https://openalex.org/W4400777485","https://openalex.org/W4401111365","https://openalex.org/W4401329106","https://openalex.org/W4401544726"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4401544726","https://openalex.org/W4318481112","https://openalex.org/W4410487639","https://openalex.org/W7152448063","https://openalex.org/W4210972949","https://openalex.org/W4205941136","https://openalex.org/W4283797525","https://openalex.org/W4283071269","https://openalex.org/W3105836077","https://openalex.org/W3178817839"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Anisotropic":[1],"hydrogel":[2,36,55,113],"actuators":[3],"with":[4,37,70],"gradient":[5,73],"structures":[6],"offer":[7],"tunable":[8],"mechanical":[9,106],"properties,":[10],"like":[11],"directional":[12],"stiffness":[13],"or":[14],"bending.":[15],"However,":[16],"creating":[17],"these":[18,44],"gradient\u2010structured":[19],"bilayer":[20,35],"hydrogels":[21,79,101,130],"is":[22],"challenging,":[23],"as":[24],"current":[25],"methods":[26],"rely":[27],"on":[28],"complex,":[29],"single\u2010force":[30],"programming.":[31],"Developing":[32],"a":[33,60,66,112],"double\u2010actuating":[34],"temperature\u2010responsive":[38,82],"and":[39,46,88,108,115,139],"auxiliary":[40],"layers":[41],"could":[42],"address":[43],"limitations":[45],"enhance":[47],"their":[48],"applicability.":[49],"In":[50,98],"this":[51,125],"study,":[52],"an":[53,71],"anisotropic":[54],"actuator":[56],"was":[57],"developed":[58],"using":[59],"simple,":[61],"cost\u2010effective":[62],"method":[63],"to":[64],"create":[65],"unique":[67],"multi\u2010asymmetric":[68],"structure":[69],"embedded":[72],"in":[74,133],"one":[75],"layer.":[76],"The":[77],"resulting":[78],"exhibited":[80],"excellent":[81],"bending":[83],"(360\u00b0":[84],"within":[85],"9":[86],"s)":[87],"adaptive,":[89],"complex":[90],"shape\u2010programmable":[91],"deformation":[92],"(2D":[93],"letters,":[94],"flowers,":[95],"butterflies,":[96],"leaves).":[97],"addition,":[99],"the":[100,122],"demonstrated":[102],"good":[103],"shape":[104],"memory,":[105],"strength,":[107],"conductivity.":[109],"Prototypes":[110],"of":[111,124],"gripper":[114],"humidity":[116,136],"alarm":[117],"were":[118],"successfully":[119],"fabricated,":[120],"showcasing":[121],"potential":[123],"strategy":[126],"for":[127,131],"designing":[128],"smart":[129,135],"applications":[132],"sensors,":[134],"alarms,":[137],"grippers,":[138],"actuators.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2025-01-09T00:00:00"}