{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405838232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jioh.jioh_99_24","title":"Evaluation of Effect of Poloxamer on Smear Layer Removal Using Apical Negative Pressure: An In Vitro Scanning Electron Microscopy Study","display_name":"Evaluation of Effect of Poloxamer on Smear Layer Removal Using Apical Negative Pressure: An In Vitro Scanning Electron Microscopy Study","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405838232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jioh.jioh_99_24"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4103/jioh.jioh_99_24","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jioh.jioh_99_24","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jioh.jioh_99_24","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764586409","display_name":"Journal of international oral health","issn_l":"0976-1799","issn":["0976-1799","0976-7428"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of International Oral Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jioh.jioh_99_24","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110899487","display_name":"Chandra Prabha","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333540553","display_name":"Nitte University","ror":"https://ror.org/029nydt37","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chandra Prabha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Nitte (Deemed to be University) AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Nitte (Deemed to be University) AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090926151","display_name":"Chitharanjan M. Shetty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5154-8429","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5154-8429"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333540553","display_name":"Nitte University","ror":"https://ror.org/029nydt37","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chitharanjan Shetty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Nitte (Deemed to be University) AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Nitte (Deemed to be University) AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047904251","display_name":"Aditya Shetty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8170-3845","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8170-3845"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333540553","display_name":"Nitte University","ror":"https://ror.org/029nydt37","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aditya Shetty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Nitte (Deemed to be University) AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Nitte (Deemed to be University) AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047904251","https://openalex.org/A5090926151"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34005867,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"6","first_page":"498","last_page":"506"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10536","display_name":"Endodontics and Root Canal Treatments","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10536","display_name":"Endodontics and Root Canal Treatments","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12744","display_name":"Medical Device Sterilization and Disinfection","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2404","display_name":"Microbiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10113","display_name":"Dental materials and restorations","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3505","display_name":"Orthodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poloxamer","display_name":"poloxamer","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smear-layer-removal","display_name":"smear layer removal","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sodium-hypochlorite","display_name":"sodium hypochlorite","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edta","display_name":"EDTA","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-canal-irrigation","display_name":"root canal irrigation","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irrigant-penetration","display_name":"irrigant penetration","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-tension","display_name":"surface tension","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surfactants","display_name":"surfactants","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intracanal-medicaments","display_name":"intracanal medicaments","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-canal-treatment","display_name":"endodontic treatment","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/premolars","display_name":"premolars","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-canal-morphology","display_name":"root canal anatomy","score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-efficacy","display_name":"antimicrobial efficacy","score":0.5720000267028809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26771246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321095","display_name":"Scanning electron microscope","level":2,"score":0.7994610071182251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101335993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408943","display_name":"Poloxamer","level":4,"score":0.7300719022750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.5683264136314392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93877712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132560","display_name":"Electron microscope","level":2,"score":0.4876490831375122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.47995689511299133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202751555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221681","display_name":"In vitro","level":2,"score":0.47870779037475586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778492126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544315","display_name":"Smear layer","level":3,"score":0.4734739363193512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.35772550106048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.347400039434433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.34429144859313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12554922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100","display_name":"Biophysics","level":1,"score":0.340728759765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.3314719498157501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.2608203887939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.25233709812164307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.21005618572235107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.20134830474853516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.13273265957832336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08342653512954712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15920480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421281","display_name":"Copolymer","level":3,"score":0.08246803283691406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.06577232480049133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521977710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163","display_name":"Polymer","level":2,"score":0.05722552537918091}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4103/jioh.jioh_99_24","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jioh.jioh_99_24","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jioh.jioh_99_24","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764586409","display_name":"Journal of international oral health","issn_l":"0976-1799","issn":["0976-1799","0976-7428"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of International Oral Health","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4103/jioh.jioh_99_24","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jioh.jioh_99_24","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jioh.jioh_99_24","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764586409","display_name":"Journal of international oral health","issn_l":"0976-1799","issn":["0976-1799","0976-7428"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of International Oral Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9391000270843506}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.5400000214576721}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1582382042","https://openalex.org/W1969604041","https://openalex.org/W1977222275","https://openalex.org/W1985308595","https://openalex.org/W2031030060","https://openalex.org/W2061813648","https://openalex.org/W2072098373","https://openalex.org/W2100237306","https://openalex.org/W2158317221","https://openalex.org/W2318142433","https://openalex.org/W2418011502","https://openalex.org/W2766883135","https://openalex.org/W2767538749","https://openalex.org/W2768628201","https://openalex.org/W2891083159","https://openalex.org/W2891440916","https://openalex.org/W3015283071","https://openalex.org/W3092260363","https://openalex.org/W3126983974","https://openalex.org/W3168257017","https://openalex.org/W3193241472","https://openalex.org/W4213358713","https://openalex.org/W4220710925","https://openalex.org/W4316015305","https://openalex.org/W4321377932","https://openalex.org/W4360898093","https://openalex.org/W4387883213","https://openalex.org/W4393971560","https://openalex.org/W6745548335"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062833151","https://openalex.org/W2982355203","https://openalex.org/W3023188996","https://openalex.org/W2095127847","https://openalex.org/W2375932023","https://openalex.org/W2197041925","https://openalex.org/W2663144280","https://openalex.org/W2075913855","https://openalex.org/W2090597441","https://openalex.org/W2412411643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Aims:":[1],"The":[2,61,72,92,192,222,252,276,293,333],"aim":[3],"of":[4,15,30,69,210,219,231,241,247,258,273,278,349,361,369,396,425,431],"this":[5,41],"study":[6,253],"was":[7,64,165,176],"to":[8,53,58,76,178,260,354,383],"assess":[9,179],"the":[10,28,55,70,80,102,188,200,214,220,234,248,256,270,274,283,297,347,366,384,392,423,428,432],"smear":[11,162,180,203,249,265,285,302,350],"layer":[12,163,181,204,266,286,303,351],"removal":[13,164,246,267,304],"efficacy":[14,348],"sodium":[16],"hypochlorite":[17],"(NaOCl)":[18],"and":[19,26,38,51,88,139,161,197,216,262,311,358,377,436],"ethylene":[20],"diamine":[21],"tetraacetic":[22],"acid":[23],"(EDTA),":[24],"with":[25,84,115,126,195,206,224,280,291,439],"without":[27,137,149],"addition":[29,257],"poloxamer,":[31,116,127,138],"in":[32,34,42,212,400],"an":[33,156],"vitro":[35,43],"model.":[36],"Materials":[37],"Methods:":[39],"In":[40],"study,":[44],"60":[45],"human":[46],"premolars":[47],"were":[48,74,94,153,184],"randomly":[49,95],"selected":[50],"decoronated":[52],"standardize":[54],"root":[56,340,385,402,433],"length":[57,63],"15":[59],"mm.":[60],"working":[62],"set":[65],"1":[66,107],"mm":[67],"short":[68],"apex.":[71],"canals":[73],"instrumented":[75],"size":[77],"F3":[78],"using":[79,86,155,167,187,397],"Protaper":[81],"file":[82],"system,":[83,160],"irrigation":[85,104,342,356],"NaOCl":[87,114,136,223,261,290],"saline":[89],"between":[90],"instrumentations.":[91],"samples":[93,152],"divided":[96],"into":[97,339],"four":[98],"groups":[99],"based":[100],"on":[101,427],"final":[103],"protocol:":[105],"Group":[106,117,128,140],"(":[108,119,130,142],"n":[109,120,131,143],"=":[110,121,132,144],"15)":[111,122,133,145],"-":[112,123,134,146],"3%":[113,135],"2":[118,211],"17%":[124,147],"EDTA":[125,148,196,263,279],"3":[129],"4":[141],"poloxamer.":[150,292],"All":[151],"irrigated":[154,194],"apical":[157,217],"negative":[158],"pressure":[159],"analyzed":[166,186],"scanning":[168],"electron":[169],"microscopy":[170],"(SEM).":[171],"A":[172],"five-graded":[173],"scoring":[174],"system":[175],"used":[177,442],"removal.":[182],"Data":[183],"statistically":[185],"Kruskal\u2013Wallis":[189],"test.":[190],"Results:":[191],"group":[193,226,236,295],"poloxamer":[198,225,259,281,338,426],"showed":[199,227,296],"most":[201],"effective":[202,380],"removal,":[205,287,352],"a":[207,228,238,326,412],"median":[208,229,239],"score":[209,230,240],"both":[213],"middle":[215],"thirds":[218],"canal.":[221],"3,":[232],"while":[233],"NaOCl-only":[235,294],"had":[237],"5,":[242],"indicating":[243],"less":[244],"efficient":[245],"layer.":[250],"Conclusion:":[251],"concluded":[254],"that":[255,336],"improved":[264,359],"by":[268,289,373],"lowering":[269],"surface":[271],"tension":[272],"irrigants.":[275,443],"combination":[277],"exhibited":[282],"best":[284],"followed":[288],"least":[298],"effectiveness.":[299],"This":[300,363],"enhanced":[301],"improves":[305],"irrigant":[306],"penetration,":[307],"particularly":[308,372],"for":[309,330,414],"NaOCl,":[310],"may":[312],"also":[313,421],"enhance":[314,365],"its":[315,323,409,437],"antimicrobial":[316,375],"efficacy.":[317],"Furthermore,":[318],"poloxamer\u2019s":[319],"surfactant":[320],"properties":[321,430],"suggest":[322,335],"potential":[324,410],"as":[325,405,407,411],"drug":[327,381],"delivery":[328,382],"agent":[329],"intracanal":[331,416],"medicaments.":[332,362,417],"results":[334],"incorporating":[337],"canal":[341,386,403,434],"protocols":[343],"can":[344],"significantly":[345],"improve":[346],"leading":[353],"better":[355],"outcomes":[357],"penetration":[360],"could":[364,390],"overall":[367],"success":[368],"endodontic":[370],"treatments,":[371],"improving":[374],"activity":[376],"facilitating":[378],"more":[379],"system.":[387],"Future":[388],"research":[389],"explore":[391],"long-term":[393],"clinical":[394],"effects":[395],"poloxamer-enhanced":[398],"irrigants":[399],"various":[401],"systems,":[404],"well":[406],"investigate":[408],"carrier":[413],"additional":[415],"Further":[418],"studies":[419],"should":[420],"examine":[422],"impact":[424],"mechanical":[429],"dentin":[435],"compatibility":[438],"other":[440],"commonly":[441]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}