{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405779897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/sej.sej_107_24","title":"Evaluating generative pretraining transformer reliability in addressing dental trauma: A cross-sectional observational study on avulsion and intrusion","display_name":"Evaluating generative pretraining transformer reliability in addressing dental trauma: A cross-sectional observational study on avulsion and intrusion","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405779897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/sej.sej_107_24"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4103/sej.sej_107_24","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/sej.sej_107_24","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/sej.sej_107_24","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5406959312","display_name":"Saudi Endodontic Journal","issn_l":"1658-5984","issn":["1658-5984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Saudi Endodontic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/sej.sej_107_24","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rafael Wolanski Bordin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176838256","display_name":"Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/02x1vjk79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176838256"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Wolanski Bordin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medicine and Life Science School, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medicine and Life Science School, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176838256"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115646190","display_name":"Caio C\u00e9sar Bartnack","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176838256","display_name":"Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/02x1vjk79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176838256"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caio C\u00e9sar Bartnack","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medicine and Life Science School, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medicine and Life Science School, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176838256"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043963617","display_name":"V\u00e2nia Portela Ditzel Westphalen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2313-7117","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2313-7117"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176838256","display_name":"Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/02x1vjk79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176838256"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V\u00e2nia Portela Ditzel Westphalen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medicine and Life Science School, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medicine and Life Science School, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176838256"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053868715","display_name":"Gil Guilherme Gasparello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8955-6448","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8955-6448"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176838256","display_name":"Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/02x1vjk79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176838256"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gil Guilherme Gasparello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medicine and Life Science School, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medicine and Life Science School, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176838256"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020836269","display_name":"Mohamad Jamal Bark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9862-0894","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9862-0894"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176838256","display_name":"Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/02x1vjk79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176838256"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamad Jamal Bark","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medicine and Life Science School, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medicine and Life Science School, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176838256"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095922401","display_name":"Tha\u00eds Nogueira Gava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7727-5848","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7727-5848"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tha\u00eds Nogueira Gava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Private Practice, Orthodontist IOA, Missouri, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Private Practice, Orthodontist IOA, Missouri, US","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062835091","display_name":"Orlando Motohiro Tanaka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1052-7872","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1052-7872"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176838256","display_name":"Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/02x1vjk79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176838256"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47838141","display_name":"Saint Louis University","ror":"https://ror.org/01p7jjy08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47838141"]}],"countries":["BR","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Orlando Motohiro Tanaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medicine and Life Science School, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Brazil","The Center for Advanced Dental Education at Saint Louis University, Missouri, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medicine and Life Science School, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176838256"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Center for Advanced Dental Education at Saint Louis University, Missouri, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47838141"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062835091"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176838256","https://openalex.org/I47838141"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3978,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62789144,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"45","last_page":"52"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12367","display_name":"Dental Trauma and Treatments","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3604","display_name":"Emergency Medical Services"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatgpt-3-5","display_name":"ChatGPT-3.5","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dental-trauma","display_name":"dental trauma","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tooth-avulsion","display_name":"tooth avulsion","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tooth-intrusion","display_name":"tooth intrusion","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-evaluation-of-ai-responses","display_name":"expert evaluation of AI responses","score":0.7710000276565552}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.7717094421386719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158251709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354025","display_name":"Intrusion","level":2,"score":0.563251256942749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.5346025228500366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.49466821551322937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4686768651008606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.4287060797214508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3940238058567047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2895515561103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2003769874572754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.08407485485076904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08070001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07507351040840149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17409809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764","display_name":"Geochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4103/sej.sej_107_24","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/sej.sej_107_24","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/sej.sej_107_24","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5406959312","display_name":"Saudi Endodontic Journal","issn_l":"1658-5984","issn":["1658-5984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Saudi Endodontic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4103/sej.sej_107_24","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/sej.sej_107_24","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/sej.sej_107_24","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5406959312","display_name":"Saudi Endodontic Journal","issn_l":"1658-5984","issn":["1658-5984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Saudi Endodontic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8048999905586243}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.6800000071525574}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045150933","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2468355010","https://openalex.org/W2574781439","https://openalex.org/W2979693078","https://openalex.org/W3030981014","https://openalex.org/W4226278401","https://openalex.org/W4285728611","https://openalex.org/W4324387439","https://openalex.org/W4327946446","https://openalex.org/W4362601804","https://openalex.org/W4364378939","https://openalex.org/W4365143687","https://openalex.org/W4367310920","https://openalex.org/W4367556998","https://openalex.org/W4368340908","https://openalex.org/W4376872130","https://openalex.org/W4383345426","https://openalex.org/W4387472364","https://openalex.org/W4388308015","https://openalex.org/W4388773545","https://openalex.org/W4388834914","https://openalex.org/W4390509775","https://openalex.org/W4392619952","https://openalex.org/W4396618466","https://openalex.org/W4396618508","https://openalex.org/W6959719920","https://openalex.org/W7133211372"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4381328000","https://openalex.org/W2109147503","https://openalex.org/W2103779230","https://openalex.org/W2911339178","https://openalex.org/W334096847","https://openalex.org/W2322581019","https://openalex.org/W3141050733","https://openalex.org/W2030936866","https://openalex.org/W1533309927","https://openalex.org/W3141550469"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Introduction:":[1],"The":[2,74,100,139,266],"advancement":[3],"of":[4,23,43,72,84,177,209,225,240,281],"artificial":[5],"intelligence":[6],"(AI)":[7],"has":[8],"revolutionized":[9],"digital":[10],"communication,":[11],"enhancing":[12],"interactions":[13],"between":[14],"humans":[15],"and":[16,38,54,92,109,115,133,198,243,253,279],"computers.":[17],"This":[18,203],"study":[19,140,267],"explores":[20],"the":[21,82,85,104,116,120,131,148,156,187,195,263,269,276],"application":[22],"Chat":[24],"Generative":[25],"Pretrained":[26],"Transformer":[27],"3.5":[28],"(ChatGPT-3.5),":[29],"in":[30,284],"providing":[31],"accurate":[32],"information":[33,146,298],"on":[34,248],"dental":[35,51,151,164,250],"trauma.":[36],"Materials":[37],"Methods:":[39],"Utilizing":[40],"a":[41,70,77,97,175,205,213,220,291,296],"dataset":[42],"45":[44],"self-generated":[45],"questions":[46],"across":[47,147],"three":[48,149],"topics,":[49],"general":[50,163,249],"trauma,":[52,251],"avulsion,":[53,252],"intrusion,":[55],"ChatGPT-3.5":[56],"generated":[57],"responses":[58,247,261],"that":[59,142],"were":[60,107,136,255],"subsequently":[61],"evaluated":[62],"by":[63,219],"five":[64],"endodontic":[65],"experts,":[66],"each":[67,126],"with":[68,212,232,259],"over":[69],"decade":[71],"experience.":[73],"evaluators":[75,241],"used":[76],"Likert":[78],"scale":[79],"to":[80,95,186,274],"assess":[81],"quality":[83],"AI-generated":[86,282],"answers,":[87],"synthesizing":[88],"reliable":[89,145],"scientific":[90],"evidence":[91],"clinical":[93],"expertise":[94],"ensure":[96],"thorough":[98],"analysis.":[99],"data":[101],"obtained":[102],"from":[103,238],"evaluators\u2019":[105],"scores":[106,192,235],"organized":[108],"analyzed":[110],"using":[111],"Microsoft":[112],"Excel":[113],"software":[114],"Statistical":[117],"Package":[118],"for":[119,271],"Social":[121],"Sciences":[122],"version":[123],"25.":[124],"For":[125],"question,":[127],"descriptive":[128],"statistics":[129],"including":[130],"median":[132],"interquartile":[134],"range":[135],"computed.":[137],"Results:":[138],"found":[141],"ChatGPT":[143],"provided":[144],"assessed":[150],"topics.":[152,189],"Avulsion":[153],"was":[154,229],"rated":[155,257],"highest":[157],"(4.40":[158],"\u00b1":[159,167,179],"0.717),":[160],"significantly":[161,237],"outperforming":[162],"trauma":[165],"(3.97":[166],"0.885)":[168],"(":[169],"P":[170],"=":[171],"0.005).":[172],"Intrusion":[173],"received":[174],"rating":[176],"4.13":[178],"0.794,":[180],"showing":[181],"no":[182],"significant":[183],"difference":[184],"compared":[185],"other":[188],"Most":[190],"evaluator":[191],"fell":[193],"into":[194],"\u201cGood\u201d":[196],"(44.0%)":[197],"\u201cVery":[199],"Good\u201d":[200],"(38.7%)":[201],"categories.":[202],"indicates":[204],"generally":[206,256],"positive":[207],"appraisal":[208],"ChatGPT\u2019s":[210,246],"performance,":[211],"fair":[214],"agreement":[215],"among":[216],"evaluators,":[217],"evidenced":[218],"combined":[221],"Fleiss\u2019s":[222],"kappa":[223],"coefficient":[224],"0.324.":[226],"However,":[227],"there":[228],"variability,":[230],"particularly":[231],"Evaluator":[233],"4\u2019s":[234],"differing":[236],"those":[239],"1":[242],"2.":[244],"Conclusions:":[245],"intrusion":[254],"positively,":[258],"avulsion":[260],"deemed":[262],"most":[264],"reliable.":[265],"underscores":[268],"need":[270],"continuous":[272],"evaluation":[273],"maintain":[275],"accuracy,":[277],"reliability,":[278],"safety":[280],"content":[283],"endodontics,":[285],"suggesting":[286],"AI":[287],"should":[288],"serve":[289],"as":[290],"supplementary":[292],"tool":[293],"rather":[294],"than":[295],"primary":[297],"source.":[299]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
