{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405528811","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16121938","title":"Metformin in Antiviral Therapy: Evidence and Perspectives","display_name":"Metformin in Antiviral Therapy: Evidence and Perspectives","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405528811","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16121938","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39772244","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11680154"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/v16121938","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16121938","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16121938","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/12/1938/pdf?version=1734534307","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55776271","display_name":"Viruses","issn_l":"1999-4915","issn":["1999-4915"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Viruses","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/12/1938/pdf?version=1734534307","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025726116","display_name":"Iryna Halabitska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9028-7230","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9028-7230"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156742","display_name":"I.Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcpjy47","country_code":"UA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156742"]}],"countries":["UA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Iryna Halabitska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Therapy and Family Medicine, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Voli Square, 1, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9028-7230","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Therapy and Family Medicine, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Voli Square, 1, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156742"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064059817","display_name":"Pavlo Petakh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0860-4445","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0860-4445"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I77443782","display_name":"Uzhhorod National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x3jjv63","country_code":"UA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77443782"]}],"countries":["UA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pavlo Petakh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, 88017 Uzhhorod, Ukraine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0860-4445","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, 88017 Uzhhorod, Ukraine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I77443782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037707282","display_name":"Oleh V. Lushchak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4627-1987","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4627-1987"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90344618","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087105","https://openalex.org/I90344618"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oleh Lushchak","raw_affiliation_strings":["MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London W12 0HS, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London W12 0HS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90344618"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044777273","display_name":"Iryna Ivanivna Kamyshna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4483-1856","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4483-1856"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156742","display_name":"I.Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcpjy47","country_code":"UA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156742"]}],"countries":["UA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iryna Kamyshna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Rehabilitation, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4483-1856","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Rehabilitation, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156742"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021491856","display_name":"Valentyn Oksenych","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5088-3791","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5088-3791"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4432739","display_name":"University of Bergen","ror":"https://ror.org/03zga2b32","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Valentyn Oksenych","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5088-3791","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061696471","display_name":"Oleksandr Kamyshnyi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3141-4436","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3141-4436","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5088-3791"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156742","display_name":"I.Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcpjy47","country_code":"UA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156742"]}],"countries":["UA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Oleksandr Kamyshnyi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156742"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021491856","https://openalex.org/A5025726116","https://openalex.org/A5061696471"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156742","https://openalex.org/I4432739"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2955},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2955},"fwci":1.3984,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82037271,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"12","first_page":"1938","last_page":"1938"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11339","display_name":"Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer","score":0.8384000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11339","display_name":"Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer","score":0.8384000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11668","display_name":"interferon and immune responses","score":0.053700000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10041","display_name":"COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies","score":0.012900000438094139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metformin","display_name":"metformin","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiviral-therapy","display_name":"antiviral therapy","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ampk-activation","display_name":"AMPK activation","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mtor-signaling","display_name":"mTOR signaling","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-replication","display_name":"viral replication","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/influenza","display_name":"influenza","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv","display_name":"HIV","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sars-cov-2","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatitis-b","display_name":"hepatitis B","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatitis-c","display_name":"hepatitis C","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytomegalovirus","display_name":"cytomegalovirus","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epstein-barr-virus","display_name":"Epstein-Barr virus","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arboviruses","display_name":"arboviruses","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zika-virus","display_name":"Zika virus","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dengue-virus","display_name":"dengue virus","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-stress","display_name":"oxidative stress","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reactive-oxygen-species","display_name":"reactive oxygen species","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-papillomavirus","display_name":"human papillomavirus","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-regulation","display_name":"immune regulation","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adjunctive-therapy","display_name":"adjunctive therapy","score":0.8190000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780323712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19484","display_name":"Metformin","level":3,"score":0.8995054960250854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780124434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12357464","display_name":"AMPK","level":4,"score":0.7059655785560608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140704245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933202","display_name":"Viral replication","level":3,"score":0.6050615906715393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86554907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285613","display_name":"PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway","level":3,"score":0.5152056813240051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.5007965564727783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25897203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241872","display_name":"Viral life cycle","level":4,"score":0.4832645058631897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.46264517307281494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.4560636281967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898814","display_name":"Oxidative stress","level":2,"score":0.4424325227737427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.38246574997901917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.35783684253692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62478195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828130","display_name":"Signal transduction","level":2,"score":0.3164798617362976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.21948564052581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.16064780950546265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11960822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242736","display_name":"Phosphorylation","level":2,"score":0.11091208457946777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97029542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281417","display_name":"Protein kinase A","level":3,"score":0.1052679717540741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.10445350408554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000998","descriptor_name":"Antiviral Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000998","descriptor_name":"Antiviral Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008687","descriptor_name":"Metformin","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008687","descriptor_name":"Metformin","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014777","descriptor_name":"Virus Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014779","descriptor_name":"Virus Replication","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/v16121938","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16121938","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16121938","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/12/1938/pdf?version=1734534307","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55776271","display_name":"Viruses","issn_l":"1999-4915","issn":["1999-4915"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Viruses","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202412.0808.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202412.0808.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202412.0808.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11680154","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11680154","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11680154/pdf/viruses-16-01938.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Viruses","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:39772244","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39772244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Viruses","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9fd5649820fa41179825e3ec1f333080","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9fd5649820fa41179825e3ec1f333080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Viruses, Vol 16, Iss 12, p 1938 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/v16121938","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16121938","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16121938","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/12/1938/pdf?version=1734534307","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55776271","display_name":"Viruses","issn_l":"1999-4915","issn":["1999-4915"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Viruses","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405528811.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405528811.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":333,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1198526896","https://openalex.org/W1505741639","https://openalex.org/W1606562486","https://openalex.org/W1970543375","https://openalex.org/W1973097962","https://openalex.org/W1976868395","https://openalex.org/W1996981375","https://openalex.org/W1998771362","https://openalex.org/W2000938451","https://openalex.org/W2004913378","https://openalex.org/W2022454292","https://openalex.org/W2023503151","https://openalex.org/W2025022044","https://openalex.org/W2033485870","https://openalex.org/W2035964160","https://openalex.org/W2040766097","https://openalex.org/W2041267103","https://openalex.org/W2042871909","https://openalex.org/W2065244413","https://openalex.org/W2071997899","https://openalex.org/W2073772412","https://openalex.org/W2090783317","https://openalex.org/W2100577226","https://openalex.org/W2101620200","https://openalex.org/W2109188553","https://openalex.org/W2131308931","https://openalex.org/W2138226825","https://openalex.org/W2138583109","https://openalex.org/W2140898295","https://openalex.org/W2146779691","https://openalex.org/W2162640187","https://openalex.org/W2164882663","https://openalex.org/W2167706579","https://openalex.org/W2168172569","https://openalex.org/W2265977051","https://openalex.org/W2287220040","https://openalex.org/W2337654505","https://openalex.org/W2346430479","https://openalex.org/W2401321240","https://openalex.org/W2406968335","https://openalex.org/W2465475620","https://openalex.org/W2493221114","https://openalex.org/W2500119426","https://openalex.org/W2515189678","https://openalex.org/W2549713124","https://openalex.org/W2555699543","https://openalex.org/W2566587919","https://openalex.org/W2587903612","https://openalex.org/W2611494511","https://openalex.org/W2621361827","https://openalex.org/W2627080695","https://openalex.org/W2741858880","https://openalex.org/W2743010525","https://openalex.org/W2748105078","https://openalex.org/W2772781076","https://openalex.org/W2779177525","https://openalex.org/W2787854599","https://openalex.org/W2802914092","https://openalex.org/W2806399514","https://openalex.org/W2832854041","https://openalex.org/W2884428355","https://openalex.org/W2885534843","https://openalex.org/W2901202509","https://openalex.org/W2903708727","https://openalex.org/W2909506514","https://openalex.org/W2919483263","https://openalex.org/W2938787379","https://openalex.org/W2946361401","https://openalex.org/W2949366556","https://openalex.org/W2950495834","https://openalex.org/W2952480985","https://openalex.org/W2953651531","https://openalex.org/W2960085697","https://openalex.org/W2965251010","https://openalex.org/W2969539711","https://openalex.org/W2978447394","https://openalex.org/W2978726586","https://openalex.org/W2995166528","https://openalex.org/W2995350619","https://openalex.org/W2996645556","https://openalex.org/W3001546469","https://openalex.org/W3004157183","https://openalex.org/W3004657098","https://openalex.org/W3006230832","https://openalex.org/W3007037356","https://openalex.org/W3007993126","https://openalex.org/W3010704764","https://openalex.org/W3011653330","https://openalex.org/W3013943860","https://openalex.org/W3014890186","https://openalex.org/W3015940738","https://openalex.org/W3016585006","https://openalex.org/W3018006082","https://openalex.org/W3022017613","https://openalex.org/W3024673879","https://openalex.org/W3025137159","https://openalex.org/W3027187955","https://openalex.org/W3027513399","https://openalex.org/W3033869738","https://openalex.org/W3038840535","https://openalex.org/W3039977220","https://openalex.org/W3046353513","https://openalex.org/W3046521970","https://openalex.org/W3072304586","https://openalex.org/W3073146597","https://openalex.org/W3080903629","https://openalex.org/W3081178956","https://openalex.org/W3082237879","https://openalex.org/W3082691990","https://openalex.org/W3084357628","https://openalex.org/W3086028474","https://openalex.org/W3088131847","https://openalex.org/W3089111414","https://openalex.org/W3091265695","https://openalex.org/W3092192275","https://openalex.org/W3093283173","https://openalex.org/W3093468278","https://openalex.org/W3101072197","https://openalex.org/W3108095894","https://openalex.org/W3110567134","https://openalex.org/W3111023021","https://openalex.org/W3112577316","https://openalex.org/W3112619747","https://openalex.org/W3113948922","https://openalex.org/W3120321900","https://openalex.org/W3123073211","https://openalex.org/W3128078423","https://openalex.org/W3128118361","https://openalex.org/W3132888538","https://openalex.org/W3135661100","https://openalex.org/W3135701342","https://openalex.org/W3135963844","https://openalex.org/W3136768371","https://openalex.org/W3141405242","https://openalex.org/W3147708321","https://openalex.org/W3153727945","https://openalex.org/W3154100153","https://openalex.org/W3154432079","https://openalex.org/W3155805951","https://openalex.org/W3157337586","https://openalex.org/W3160561591","https://openalex.org/W3161905041","https://openalex.org/W3166813806","https://openalex.org/W3172326817","https://openalex.org/W3175573982","https://openalex.org/W3176634138","https://openalex.org/W3179197592","https://openalex.org/W3183437698","https://openalex.org/W3185689435","https://openalex.org/W3187175269","https://openalex.org/W3187589847","https://openalex.org/W3192440705","https://openalex.org/W3197518790","https://openalex.org/W3202542770","https://openalex.org/W3203550509","https://openalex.org/W3203817769","https://openalex.org/W3204168235","https://openalex.org/W3204293548","https://openalex.org/W3205804518","https://openalex.org/W3207330340","https://openalex.org/W3207858780","https://openalex.org/W3210634462","https://openalex.org/W3212975329","https://openalex.org/W3215236688","https://openalex.org/W3215818615","https://openalex.org/W3216747632","https://openalex.org/W4200313525","https://openalex.org/W4200330593","https://openalex.org/W4205578786","https://openalex.org/W4205727057","https://openalex.org/W4206573010","https://openalex.org/W4206631866","https://openalex.org/W4206847122","https://openalex.org/W4206941388","https://openalex.org/W4206963286","https://openalex.org/W4210624236","https://openalex.org/W4211039376","https://openalex.org/W4212783798","https://openalex.org/W4213069893","https://openalex.org/W4213159034","https://openalex.org/W4214724660","https://openalex.org/W4220873446","https://openalex.org/W4221022699","https://openalex.org/W4223481048","https://openalex.org/W4223938159","https://openalex.org/W4224253280","https://openalex.org/W4224443979","https://openalex.org/W4226150983","https://openalex.org/W4254842778","https://openalex.org/W4280651211","https://openalex.org/W4281609471","https://openalex.org/W4281869848","https://openalex.org/W4283738882","https://openalex.org/W4285006936","https://openalex.org/W4285742017","https://openalex.org/W4288424378","https://openalex.org/W4290001156","https://openalex.org/W4292148078","https://openalex.org/W4292854780","https://openalex.org/W4296483596","https://openalex.org/W4296778037","https://openalex.org/W4298142725","https://openalex.org/W4302024129","https://openalex.org/W4306857255","https://openalex.org/W4307632183","https://openalex.org/W4307746387","https://openalex.org/W4309551142","https://openalex.org/W4310995254","https://openalex.org/W4312113055","https://openalex.org/W4312197506","https://openalex.org/W4312211666","https://openalex.org/W4313356048","https://openalex.org/W4313357649","https://openalex.org/W4313392047","https://openalex.org/W4313479265","https://openalex.org/W4313825801","https://openalex.org/W4317394357","https://openalex.org/W4318065764","https://openalex.org/W4318273621","https://openalex.org/W4318755776","https://openalex.org/W4319744529","https://openalex.org/W4319763954","https://openalex.org/W4321607896","https://openalex.org/W4322772631","https://openalex.org/W4323358671","https://openalex.org/W4362699741","https://openalex.org/W4366598398","https://openalex.org/W4366772452","https://openalex.org/W4367314906","https://openalex.org/W4367319250","https://openalex.org/W4367676125","https://openalex.org/W4367835164","https://openalex.org/W4376631535","https://openalex.org/W4376638345","https://openalex.org/W4378717769","https://openalex.org/W4379932354","https://openalex.org/W4379966777","https://openalex.org/W4380538119","https://openalex.org/W4380997786","https://openalex.org/W4381187860","https://openalex.org/W4381433156","https://openalex.org/W4381548129","https://openalex.org/W4381801102","https://openalex.org/W4381987886","https://openalex.org/W4384281349","https://openalex.org/W4384401284","https://openalex.org/W4385202195","https://openalex.org/W4385330162","https://openalex.org/W4385471222","https://openalex.org/W4385584213","https://openalex.org/W4385805907","https://openalex.org/W4385841286","https://openalex.org/W4385897508","https://openalex.org/W4386033436","https://openalex.org/W4386501596","https://openalex.org/W4386566769","https://openalex.org/W4386579138","https://openalex.org/W4386593378","https://openalex.org/W4386747397","https://openalex.org/W4386812435","https://openalex.org/W4386910666","https://openalex.org/W4386913738","https://openalex.org/W4387187669","https://openalex.org/W4387514284","https://openalex.org/W4387539276","https://openalex.org/W4388304277","https://openalex.org/W4388932415","https://openalex.org/W4389801141","https://openalex.org/W4389919542","https://openalex.org/W4390350095","https://openalex.org/W4390581581","https://openalex.org/W4390788970","https://openalex.org/W4390825232","https://openalex.org/W4391141397","https://openalex.org/W4391385982","https://openalex.org/W4391474110","https://openalex.org/W4391752785","https://openalex.org/W4391814569","https://openalex.org/W4392374432","https://openalex.org/W4392545774","https://openalex.org/W4393142520","https://openalex.org/W4393142663","https://openalex.org/W4393170444","https://openalex.org/W4393183649","https://openalex.org/W4393337586","https://openalex.org/W4393993233","https://openalex.org/W4394568004","https://openalex.org/W4394580078","https://openalex.org/W4394607849","https://openalex.org/W4395668969","https://openalex.org/W4396217217","https://openalex.org/W4396554557","https://openalex.org/W4396600997","https://openalex.org/W4396806236","https://openalex.org/W4396890341","https://openalex.org/W4396895839","https://openalex.org/W4396936983","https://openalex.org/W4398250276","https://openalex.org/W4398773811","https://openalex.org/W4399192431","https://openalex.org/W4399209876","https://openalex.org/W4399517256","https://openalex.org/W4399562695","https://openalex.org/W4399592852","https://openalex.org/W4399885936","https://openalex.org/W4400292848","https://openalex.org/W4400567745","https://openalex.org/W4400907911","https://openalex.org/W4400966373","https://openalex.org/W4401065195","https://openalex.org/W4401124678","https://openalex.org/W4401324213","https://openalex.org/W4401328201","https://openalex.org/W4401410188","https://openalex.org/W4401670927","https://openalex.org/W4401865827","https://openalex.org/W4401992245","https://openalex.org/W4402244313","https://openalex.org/W4402249001","https://openalex.org/W4402697972","https://openalex.org/W4403046700","https://openalex.org/W4403075397","https://openalex.org/W4403889546","https://openalex.org/W4404121232","https://openalex.org/W4404206929","https://openalex.org/W4404724830","https://openalex.org/W4404816213","https://openalex.org/W6719339539","https://openalex.org/W6755750734","https://openalex.org/W6762464291","https://openalex.org/W6784132801","https://openalex.org/W6846950166","https://openalex.org/W6855944359"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4410511239","https://openalex.org/W2789861074","https://openalex.org/W4387514284","https://openalex.org/W4391719347","https://openalex.org/W3112577316","https://openalex.org/W3160561591","https://openalex.org/W6927221488","https://openalex.org/W4379742805","https://openalex.org/W4393151266","https://openalex.org/W2035964160"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Metformin,":[0],"a":[1,9,147],"widely":[2],"used":[3],"antidiabetic":[4],"medication,":[5],"has":[6],"emerged":[7],"as":[8,45,95,141],"promising":[10],"broad-spectrum":[11],"antiviral":[12],"agent":[13],"due":[14],"to":[15,18,131],"its":[16],"ability":[17],"modulate":[19],"cellular":[20,31,105],"pathways":[21],"essential":[22],"for":[23,60,91],"viral":[24,61,123,151],"replication.":[25],"By":[26],"activating":[27],"AMPK,":[28],"metformin":[29,79],"depletes":[30],"energy":[32],"reserves":[33],"that":[34],"viruses":[35],"rely":[36],"on,":[37],"effectively":[38],"limiting":[39],"the":[40,56,110],"replication":[41],"of":[42,113,150],"pathogens":[43],"such":[44,94],"influenza,":[46],"HIV,":[47,74],"SARS-CoV-2,":[48],"HBV,":[49],"and":[50,64,76,83,97,107,115,129],"HCV.":[51],"Its":[52],"role":[53],"in":[54,69,145],"inhibiting":[55],"mTOR":[57],"pathway,":[58],"crucial":[59],"protein":[62],"synthesis":[63],"reactivation,":[65],"is":[66],"particularly":[67],"significant":[68],"managing":[70],"infections":[71],"caused":[72],"by":[73],"CMV,":[75],"EBV.":[77],"Furthermore,":[78],"reduces":[80],"oxidative":[81],"stress":[82],"reactive":[84],"oxygen":[85],"species":[86],"(ROS),":[87],"which":[88],"are":[89],"critical":[90],"replicating":[92],"arboviruses":[93],"Zika":[96],"dengue.":[98],"The":[99],"drug":[100],"also":[101],"regulates":[102],"immune":[103,126],"responses,":[104],"differentiation,":[106],"inflammation,":[108],"disrupting":[109],"life":[111],"cycle":[112],"HPV":[114],"potentially":[116],"other":[117],"viruses.":[118],"These":[119],"diverse":[120],"mechanisms":[121],"suppress":[122],"replication,":[124],"enhance":[125],"system":[127],"functionality,":[128],"contribute":[130],"better":[132],"clinical":[133],"outcomes.":[134],"This":[135],"multifaceted":[136],"approach":[137],"highlights":[138],"metformin's":[139],"potential":[140],"an":[142],"adjunctive":[143],"therapy":[144],"treating":[146],"wide":[148],"range":[149],"infections.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2024-12-19T00:00:00"}