{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405236429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5325/mediterraneanstu.32.2.0257","title":"The Greeks and the Rational: The Discovery of Practical Reason","display_name":"The Greeks and the Rational: The Discovery of Practical Reason","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405236429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5325/mediterraneanstu.32.2.0257"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5325/mediterraneanstu.32.2.0257","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5325/mediterraneanstu.32.2.0257","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5325/mediterraneanstu.32.2.0257","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170207","display_name":"Mediterranean Studies","issn_l":"1074-164X","issn":["1074-164X","2161-4741"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320470","host_organization_name":"Penn State University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320470"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Penn State University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mediterranean Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019704431","display_name":"Susan O. Shapiro","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121980950","display_name":"Utah State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00h6set76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Susan O. Shapiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Utah State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Utah State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019704431"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":41.6853,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99712301,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"2","first_page":"257","last_page":"263"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11463","display_name":"Classical Philosophy and Thought","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11463","display_name":"Classical Philosophy and Thought","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10165","display_name":"Classical Antiquity Studies","score":0.004000000189989805,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10297","display_name":"Philosophical Ethics and Theory","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/practical-reason","display_name":"practical reason","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ancient-greek-philosophy","display_name":"ancient Greek philosophy","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-interest","display_name":"self-interest","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rationality","display_name":"rationality","score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sophists","display_name":"sophists","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/e-r-dodds","display_name":"E. R. Dodds","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greek-tragedy","display_name":"Greek tragedy","score":0.4359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ancient-greek-poetry","display_name":"ancient Greek poetry","score":0.3959999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-institutions","display_name":"political institutions","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-anthropology","display_name":"cultural anthropology","score":0.5}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182767506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321169","display_name":"Greeks","level":2,"score":0.9555670619010925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.38520345091819763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.2439626157283783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.1886937916278839}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5325/mediterraneanstu.32.2.0257","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5325/mediterraneanstu.32.2.0257","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5325/mediterraneanstu.32.2.0257","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170207","display_name":"Mediterranean Studies","issn_l":"1074-164X","issn":["1074-164X","2161-4741"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320470","host_organization_name":"Penn State University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320470"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Penn State University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mediterranean Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2971967641","https://openalex.org/W2479536372","https://openalex.org/W4388490415","https://openalex.org/W2502895356","https://openalex.org/W2158342617","https://openalex.org/W3146627720","https://openalex.org/W4289006473"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"How":[0,19],"can":[1,20,276,433,534,649,660,674,758,1290,1688,1708,1930,2038,2114],"rationally":[2,83,505,1320],"self-interested":[3,84,506,651,1321],"individuals":[4,38,85,223,507,673,1322],"make":[5,1555],"decisions":[6],"that":[7,29,61,82,93,106,122,308,486,504,562,616,647,721,785,888,1048,1176,1206,1276,1287,1319,1345,1466,1489,1579,1633,1678,1730,1754,1862,1886,1896,1906,1919,1928,1936,1975,1983,1992,2016,2036,2064],"not":[8,104,165,198,460,559,727,762,896,1379,1458,1469,1904,1969,2018,2048],"only":[9,112,199,763,1084,1851],"benefit":[10,576,1864],"themselves":[11],"but":[12,118,162,204,768,960,1430,1626,1656,1917,2015,2053],"also":[13,205,717,769,1362],"promote":[14],"the":[15,46,51,73,91,107,111,169,174,239,259,294,297,322,328,332,347,358,362,367,379,426,444,452,462,475,487,495,524,537,541,545,550,565,586,590,595,625,628,662,679,719,723,756,780,804,808,818,822,827,830,840,845,857,860,864,871,879,886,912,915,947,974,977,988,1024,1028,1031,1036,1043,1093,1143,1146,1149,1154,1157,1207,1211,1220,1256,1262,1301,1315,1343,1364,1368,1372,1375,1383,1389,1396,1399,1415,1422,1428,1437,1443,1453,1463,1471,1486,1493,1496,1503,1528,1532,1540,1545,1553,1556,1571,1580,1586,1601,1612,1679,1684,1740,1751,1755,1770,1783,1828,1856,1892,1909,1914,1925,1949,1967,1984,1993,2033,2041,2046,2058,2066,2071,2093],"welfare":[16],"of":[17,55,78,152,210,241,301,342,349,361,370,378,385,464,494,499,527,540,549,589,605,612,624,643,664,681,692,736,743,750,782,802,807,821,859,866,882,946,966,976,979,1018,1039,1042,1095,1133,1148,1156,1215,1243,1265,1304,1349,1367,1374,1377,1414,1568,1610,1619,1646,1667,1702,1723,1743,1759,1911,1961,2022,2062,2073,2084,2092],"others?":[18],"people":[21,113,266,280,572,1635],"form":[22],"social":[23],"groups":[24],"and":[25,39,45,59,128,160,236,261,267,281,293,303,306,327,351,373,381,394,410,416,425,443,482,522,544,567,621,635,639,683,702,766,817,863,932,941,1033,1078,1162,1171,1189,1200,1213,1228,1246,1248,1285,1296,1312,1356,1398,1449,1476,1481,1514,1592,1622,1630,1694,1727,1748,1750,1761,1790,1819,1821,1899,1944,1963,1989,1998,2105,2119,2126],"establish":[26,1165],"government":[27],"institutions":[28],"will":[30,86,96,508,795,1323,1636],"enable":[31],"them":[32,269,1978],"to":[33,66,100,114,192,238,263,270,312,321,356,469,474,479,510,569,619,653,777,798,843,898,917,1058,1089,1101,1128,1193,1237,1251,1260,1293,1325,1380,1382,1427,1433,1451,1460,1478,1516,1518,1543,1559,1638,1682,1777,1793,1803,1839,1849,1852,1874,1923,1958,1970,2026],"live":[34,224],"fulfilling":[35],"lives":[36],"as":[37,212,214,365,390,432,439,515,532,599,704,706,875,991,1698,1871,1952,2012,2087],"community":[40,669],"members?":[41],"In":[42,943,981,1068],"The":[43,291,325,423,1439,1500,1932,2002,2082],"Greeks":[44,109,292,326,364,424,725,913,1858,1934],"Rational,":[47],"Josiah":[48],"Ober":[49,102,131,467,583,614,676,716,754,786,902,992,1137,1269,1577,1660,1676,1872,1887,1907,2013],"explores":[50,296,677],"ancient":[52,108,143,298,363,386,693,724,740,1713,1724,1744,1756,1773,1842,1857,1933],"Greeks\u2019":[53,299,476,1757],"discussions":[54,742,1758],"these":[56,302,708],"perennial":[57],"questions":[58,305],"argues":[60,485,1677],"they":[62,94,123,257,275,284,288,513,733,1328,1456,1467,1509,1521,1563,1649,1787,2024],"still":[63,429],"have":[64,258,310,419,1595,1764,2006,2096],"much":[65,311],"teach":[67],"us.Ober":[68],"identifies":[69],"what":[70,512,1327,1585,1648],"he":[71,119,1008,1062,1085,1224,1695,1920,1990],"calls":[72,132,584,1138],"\u201cancient":[74],"Greek":[75,144,387,400,407,496,694,741,1316,1725,1745,1774,1973],"folk":[76,202,497,591,626,809,1317],"theory":[77,203,498,810,1318,1707,1729],"practical":[79,500,744,1762],"reason\u201d\u2014the":[80],"idea":[81,503],"choose":[87,509,1294,1324,1637],"(among":[88,1173],"available":[89],"options)":[90],"alternative":[92,1572],"believe":[95],"be":[97,193,434,578,775,796,1179,1261,1352,1689,2080],"most":[98,1190,1221,1253,1263,1306,1634],"beneficial":[99],"themselves.":[101],"does":[103,120,2089],"claim":[105],"were":[110,686,710,1086,1424,1582,1788,1869,1996],"\u201cdiscover\u201d":[115],"this":[116,201,585,610,620,644,906,982,1668,1697],"theory,":[117,592,627,645,732,753],"maintain":[121],"developed":[124,637],"it":[125,133,138,163,172,211,773,794,836,1010,1177,1831,2088],"in":[126,148,173,185,195,226,338,399,451,517,552,580,602,617,666,670,712,748,788,837,856,878,956,961,1130,1169,1197,1202,1218,1240,1281,1331,1338,1385,1411,1436,1473,1785,1913,1941,1956,1966,2040,2076,2103,2110,2123],"original":[127],"interesting":[129],"ways.":[130,1946],"a":[134,149,227,319,600,667,689,876,919,957,1004,1076,1110,1249,1346,1511,1561,1606,1616,1624,1642,1654,1699,1720,1877,1972,2019,2050,2055,2117,2120],"\u201cfolk":[135],"theory\u201d":[136],"because":[137],"was":[139,164,908,1393,1574,1987],"widely":[140],"accepted":[141],"by":[142,331,375,688,826,911,938,953,972,1181,1371,1403,1409,1420,1490,1691,2070],"thinkers":[145,1838],"who":[146,187,597,890,1234],"wrote":[147],"wide":[150,690],"range":[151,691],"genres":[153],"(e.g.,":[154],"epic,":[155],"lyric":[156],"poetry,":[157],"history,":[158,1746],"oratory,":[159],"tragedy)":[161],"formally":[166],"expressed":[167],"until":[168],"Sophists":[170,180,490,551,556],"articulated":[171,200,491],"late":[175,488],"fifth":[176],"century":[177,630],"BCE.":[178],"These":[179],"(itinerant":[181],"teachers":[182],"working":[183],"mainly":[184],"Athens":[186],"taught":[188],"aristocratic":[189],"youths":[190],"how":[191,678,707,1703],"successful":[194],"political":[196,217,525,771],"life)":[197],"explored":[206,523],"several":[207,222,492],"different":[208],"versions":[209,493,623,642],"well":[213,705,1731,2005],"each":[215,229,528,1071,1401],"version\u2019s":[216],"implications.":[218],"For":[219],"example,":[220],"when":[221,1007,1570,1600],"together":[225],"community,":[228],"person":[230,1072,1111],"must":[231],"subordinate":[232],"their":[233,253,272,315,518,574,867,1332,1404,1446,1484,1524,1795,1806,1959,1964,2029],"own":[234,519,575,1117,1333],"needs":[235,251],"wants":[237],"desires":[240,1308],"others.":[242],"But":[243,1186,1855],"why":[244,286,1109,2023],"should":[245,895,1112,1178,1351],"rational,":[246],"egocentric":[247],"actors":[248],"place":[249],"others\u2019":[250],"before":[252],"own,":[254],"particularly":[255],"if":[256,1061,1083,1455,1508,1800,1866],"strength":[260,566],"intelligence":[262,568],"dominate":[264,893],"other":[265,279,571,622,1069,1174],"force":[268],"do":[271,289,511,899,1064,1090,1326,1903],"bidding?":[273],"If":[274,1527],"successfully":[277,892],"control":[278,570,924],"get":[282],"everything":[283,1621,1640],"desire,":[285],"shouldn\u2019t":[287],"so?":[290],"Rational":[295],"considerations":[300],"related":[304,1426],"shows":[307,1205,1982],"we":[309,533,1791,1801],"learn":[313],"from":[314,436,536,987,1209,1584,1816,1824,2009],"discussions.Ober\u2019s":[316],"title":[317],"is":[318,428,1047,1273,1330,1603,1719,1832,1885,2017],"nod":[320],"groundbreaking":[323],"book,":[324],"Irrational,":[329],"published":[330],"classical":[333],"scholar":[334],"E.":[335,456],"R.":[336,441,457],"Dodds":[337,354,442,1898],"1951":[339],"(Berkeley:":[340],"University":[341],"California":[343],"Press).":[344],"Drawing":[345],"on":[346,852,1354],"fields":[348],"psychology":[350],"cultural":[352],"anthropology,":[353],"sought":[355],"expand":[357],"traditional":[359],"view":[360],"representing":[366],"\u201cclassical":[368],"ideals\u201d":[369],"reason,":[371],"balance,":[372],"proportion":[374],"discussing":[376],"some":[377,555],"wilder":[380],"more":[382,640,655,790,846,1297,1546,1867],"mysterious":[383],"aspects":[384],"culture,":[388],"such":[389,438],"shamanism,":[391],"bacchic":[392],"ecstasy,":[393],"inherited":[395],"guilt":[396,417],"(as":[397],"portrayed":[398],"tragedies).":[401],"Although":[402],"Dodds\u2019s":[403,465],"Freudian":[404],"explanations":[405],"for":[406,573,609,764,770,1115,1121,1145,1309,1641,1766,1782,1836,2028],"religious":[408],"phenomena":[409],"his":[411,789,838,926,935,1019,1080,1163,1252,1412,1900],"rigid":[412],"distinctions":[413],"between":[414,1395,1604],"shame":[415],"cultures":[418],"since":[420,1223],"been":[421,2007,2098],"superseded,":[422],"Irrational":[427],"influential":[430],"today,":[431],"seen":[435],"articles":[437],"\u201cE.":[440],"Irrational:":[445],"\u2018Agamemnon\u2019s":[446],"Apology\u2019":[447],"Revisited,\u201d":[448],"or":[449,1124],"those":[450,1233],"recent":[453],"volume":[454],"Rediscovering":[455],"Dodds.1":[458],"While":[459],"denying":[461],"importance":[463],"work,":[466],"aims":[468],"direct":[470,1191],"our":[471,1305],"attention":[472],"back":[473],"unique":[477],"contributions":[478],"logical":[480],"thought":[481,1726,1940,2125],"rational":[483,684,730,783,1587,1705,1939,2051,2094],"decision-making.Ober":[484],"fifth-century":[489],"reason":[501,648,1108,1289,1357,1763],"(the":[502,2060],"perceive":[514,1329],"being":[516,1210,1244],"best":[520,1334],"interest)":[521],"implications":[526],"variation.":[529],"As":[530,833,901,1268,1407,1537,1659],"far":[531],"tell":[535],"fragmentary":[538],"remains":[539,1336],"Sophists\u2019":[542],"essays":[543],"(admittedly":[546],"hostile)":[547],"portrayals":[548],"Plato\u2019s":[553,606,815,883,1134,1271,1339,2111],"dialogues,":[554],"(although":[557],"certainly":[558],"all)":[560],"argued":[561],"anyone":[563,889],"with":[564,814,914,922,928,1066,1283,1342,1445,1549,1615,2049,2054],"would":[577,774,1056,1073,1534],"justified":[579],"doing":[581],"so.":[582,900],"\u201cThrasymachean\u201d":[587],"version":[588,806],"after":[593,2090],"Thrasymachus,":[594],"Sophist":[596,872],"appears":[598,874],"character":[601,877],"Book":[603,944,962,1131,2077],"1":[604,945],"Republic":[607,1135,2047],"arguing":[608,646],"point":[611,1272],"view.":[613],"explains":[615],"response":[618],"fourth":[629],"Socratic":[631],"philosophers":[632,767,1815],"(Plato,":[633],"Xenophon,":[634],"Aristotle)":[636],"deeper":[638],"ethical":[641],"guide":[650,1291],"decision-makers":[652],"favor":[654],"choiceworthy":[656],"ends.":[657],"Such":[658],"ends":[659,2045],"include":[661],"goal":[663],"living":[665,1280],"well-ordered":[668],"which":[671,1160,1203,1392,1786],"all":[672,779,929,1216,1833,2091],"thrive.":[675],"issues":[680],"justice":[682,1760],"choice":[685,731,752,1558,1588,1602,1706],"treated":[687],"authors":[695],"(including":[696],"Homer,":[697],"Herodotus,":[698,990],"Thucydides,":[699],"Aeschylus,":[700],"Plato,":[701],"Xenophon),":[703],"values":[709],"reflected":[711],"Athenian":[713,1519],"democratic":[714],"institutions.":[715],"makes":[718,1012],"case":[720,887],"while":[722,1844],"did":[726,1457,1552],"anticipate":[728],"modern":[729,751,1704,1811],"shared":[734],"many":[735],"its":[737,930,1116],"assumptions.":[738],"When":[739,1462],"reasoning":[745],"are":[746,1235,1739,1846],"reframed":[747],"terms":[749,854,1687],"contends,":[755,1046],"results":[757],"provide":[759,1709],"valuable":[760,1860],"insights,":[761],"classicists":[765,1845,1868],"theorists.While":[772],"impossible":[776],"summarize":[778],"examples":[781],"decision-making":[784,1915,2042],"discusses":[787,1363],"than":[791,850,1300,1359,1652],"400-page":[792],"volume,":[793],"helpful":[797],"briefly":[799],"discuss":[800],"two":[801,1736],"them:":[803],"Thrasymachean":[805],"mentioned":[811,869],"above":[812],"along":[813],"response;":[816],"historical":[819,1365],"example":[820,1366,1701],"disastrous":[823],"decision":[824,842,1369,1951],"made":[825,1370,1495],"Melians":[828,1423,1454,1464,1494,1504,1529,1541,1554,1581,2003],"during":[829,1159,1388],"Peloponnesian":[831,1390,1416],"War.":[832],"Thucydides":[834,1410,1947,1981],"presents":[835,2100],"Histories,":[839],"Melians\u2019":[841,1680,1950,1985],"fight":[844,1544,1560,2027],"powerful":[847,1447,1547],"Athenians":[848,1384,1397,1472,1487,1497,1501,1533,1968],"rather":[849,1358,1651,1918],"surrender":[851],"generous":[853],"resulted":[855],"slaughter":[858],"entire":[861],"population":[862],"obliteration":[865],"city.As":[868],"above,":[870,1539],"Thrasymachus":[873,952],"first":[880,1771],"book":[881,1718],"Republic,":[884,948,1158],"making":[885],"could":[891,1063,1522,1863],"others":[894],"hesitate":[897,1057],"points":[903],"out":[904,1259],"(59),":[905],"viewpoint":[907],"traditionally":[909],"equated":[910],"desire":[916,1082],"become":[918,1075],"tyrant\u2014an":[920],"autocrat":[921],"complete":[923,2020],"over":[925,1153],"city,":[927],"wealth":[931],"power":[933],"at":[934],"disposal,":[936],"unfettered":[937],"irksome":[939],"rules":[940],"regulations.":[942],"Socrates":[949,1100,1129,1161,1204],"easily":[950],"silences":[951],"catching":[954],"him":[955,1013,1103],"verbal":[958],"self-contradiction,":[959],"2,":[963],"Glaucon":[964,1045,1097],"(another":[965],"Socrates\u2019":[967,1187],"interlocutors)":[968],"reframes":[969],"Thrasymachus\u2019":[970],"argument":[971],"telling":[973],"story":[975,983,2075],"Ring":[978,2072],"Gyges.":[980],"(which":[984,1136],"Plato":[985],"adapted":[986],"historian":[989],"explains),":[993],"an":[994,1166,2101],"ordinary":[995],"(and":[996,1418,1715,1881],"presumably":[997],"law-abiding)":[998],"Lydian":[999],"shepherd":[1000],"named":[1001],"Gyges":[1002,1022,2074],"finds":[1003],"ring":[1005],"that,":[1006,2109],"puts":[1009],"on,":[1011],"invisible.":[1014],"Quickly":[1015],"taking":[1016,1666],"advantage":[1017],"new":[1020,1710],"power,":[1021],"enters":[1023],"royal":[1025],"palace,":[1026],"seduces":[1027],"queen,":[1029],"kills":[1030],"king,":[1032],"soon":[1034],"becomes":[1035],"next":[1037],"king":[1038],"Lydia.The":[1040],"moral":[1041],"story,":[1044],"although":[1049],"everyone":[1050],"openly":[1051],"praises":[1052],"justice,":[1053],"no":[1054,1226,1566,1979],"one":[1055,1778,1853],"act":[1059,1113],"unjustly":[1060],"so":[1065,1091],"impunity.":[1067],"words,":[1070],"willingly":[1074],"tyrant":[1077,1257],"satisfy":[1079],"every":[1081],"strong":[1087],"enough":[1088],"without":[1092,1119,1780],"fear":[1094,1242],"punishment.":[1096],"then":[1098],"asks":[1099],"prove":[1102],"wrong:":[1104],"Is":[1105],"there":[1106],"any":[1107,1474],"justly":[1114],"sake,":[1118],"regard":[1120,1781],"external":[1122],"rewards":[1123],"punishments?":[1125],"Glaucon\u2019s":[1126,1194],"challenge":[1127],"2":[1132],"\u201cGlaucon\u2019s":[1139],"Dilemma\u201d)":[1140],"sets":[1141],"up":[1142,1876],"discussion":[1144],"rest":[1147,1155],"dialogue.Socrates\u2019":[1150],"answer":[1151,1192,2102],"ranges":[1152],"interlocutors":[1164],"ideal":[1167],"city":[1168,1525,1974],"speech":[1170],"decide":[1172],"things)":[1175],"governed":[1180],"philosopher":[1182],"kings":[1183],"(Book":[1184],"5).":[1185],"simplest":[1188],"dilemma":[1195],"comes":[1196],"Books":[1198],"8":[1199],"9,":[1201],"tyrant\u2014far":[1208],"freest":[1212],"happiest":[1214],"men\u2014is":[1217],"fact":[1219],"miserable,":[1222],"has":[1225],"friends":[1227],"cannot":[1229],"trust":[1230,1965,1986],"anyone,":[1231],"even":[1232],"closest":[1236],"him.":[1238],"Living":[1239],"constant":[1241],"killed":[1245],"overthrown,":[1247],"slave":[1250],"brutish":[1254],"desires,":[1255],"turns":[1258,1671],"slavish":[1264],"slaves":[1266],"(364).":[1267],"explains,":[1270],"twofold:":[1274],"first,":[1275],"human":[1277,1288,2124],"happiness":[1278],"involves":[1279],"harmony":[1282],"others;":[1284],"second,":[1286],"us":[1292,1767,1865],"healthier":[1295],"happiness-inducing":[1298],"goals":[1299],"immediate":[1302],"fulfillment":[1303],"basic":[1307],"sex,":[1310],"money,":[1311],"power.":[1313],"Thus,":[1314],"interest":[1335],"valid":[1337],"philosophical":[1340],"reformulation,":[1341],"caveat":[1344],"person\u2019s":[1347],"perception":[1348],"self-interest":[1350],"based":[1353],"knowledge":[1355],"irrational":[1360,1557],"desire.Ober":[1361],"inhabitants":[1373],"island":[1376,1444],"Melos":[1378],"capitulate":[1381,1459],"416":[1386],"BCE":[1387],"War,":[1391],"fought":[1394],"Spartans,":[1400],"supported":[1402],"respective":[1405],"allies.":[1406],"told":[1408],"History":[1413],"War":[1417],"retold":[1419],"Ober),":[1421],"ethnically":[1425],"Spartans":[1429],"had":[1431,1468,1564,1859,1976],"chosen":[1432],"remain":[1434,1479],"neutral":[1435,1480],"war.":[1438],"Athenians,":[1440,1548],"however,":[1441,1531,1810],"surrounded":[1442],"navy":[1448],"threatened":[1450],"annihilate":[1452,1971],"them.":[1461,1536],"protested":[1465],"harmed":[1470],"way":[1475],"preferred":[1477],"thus":[1482],"preserve":[1483],"freedom,":[1485],"responded":[1488],"remaining":[1491],"independent,":[1492],"look":[1498],"weak.":[1499],"offered":[1502],"very":[1505,1607,1643],"favorable":[1506],"terms:":[1507],"paid":[1510],"moderate":[1512],"tax":[1513],"agreed":[1515],"submit":[1517],"rule,":[1520],"keep":[1523],"intact.":[1526],"refused,":[1530],"destroy":[1535],"noted":[1538],"chose":[1542],"catastrophic":[1550],"results.Why":[1551],"battle":[1562],"almost":[1565],"chance":[1567,1609,1645],"winning,":[1569],"penalty":[1573],"relatively":[1575],"mild?":[1576],"suggests":[1578],"suffering":[1583,2008],"theorists":[1589],"Daniel":[1590],"Kahneman":[1591,1629],"Amos":[1593],"Tversky":[1594,1631],"called":[1596],"\u201closs":[1597,1692,2010],"aversion.\u201d":[1598],"Briefly,":[1599],"(a)":[1605],"small":[1608,1644],"keeping":[1611,1647],"status":[1613],"quo":[1614],"substantial":[1617],"risk":[1618,1639],"losing":[1620],"(b)":[1623],"certain":[1625,1657],"limited":[1627,1655],"loss,":[1628],"found":[1632],"have,":[1650],"accept":[1653,1683],"loss.":[1658],"notes":[1661],"(247,":[1662],"quoting":[1663],"Kahneman),":[1664],"\u201crisk":[1665],"kind":[1669],"often":[1670],"manageable":[1672],"failures":[1673],"into":[1674,1712,1891],"disasters.\u201d":[1675],"refusal":[1681],"Athenians\u2019":[1685,1994],"reasonable":[1686],"explained":[1690],"aversion,\u201d":[1693],"cites":[1696],"good":[1700],"insights":[1711,1861],"texts":[1714],"vice":[1716],"versa).Ober\u2019s":[1717],"masterful":[1721],"synthesis":[1722],"contemporary":[1728,1837],"repays":[1732],"serious":[1733],"study.":[1734],"Its":[1735],"greatest":[1737,1880],"strengths":[1738],"comparative":[1741],"analysis":[1742],"literature,":[1747,1818],"philosophy,":[1749],"author\u2019s":[1752],"conviction":[1753],"relevance":[1765],"today.":[1768],"Regarding":[1769,1827],"point,":[1772,1830],"writers":[1775],"spoke":[1776],"another":[1779],"genre":[1784],"writing,":[1789],"need":[1792],"read":[1794],"works":[1796],"across":[1797],"generic":[1798],"boundaries":[1799],"want":[1802],"truly":[1804],"understand":[1805],"conversation.":[1807],"Too":[1808],"often,":[1809],"disciplinary":[1812],"silos":[1813],"prevent":[1814],"reading":[1817],"historians":[1820],"literary":[1822],"scholars":[1823],"studying":[1825],"philosophy.":[1826],"second":[1829],"too":[1834,1888],"easy":[1835],"write":[1840],"off":[1841],"studies,":[1843],"frequently":[1847,1889,1921],"content":[1848],"speak":[1850],"another.":[1854],"willing,":[1870],"is,":[1873],"open":[1875],"dialogue.The":[1878],"book\u2019s":[1879],"perhaps":[1882],"only)":[1883],"weakness":[1884],"lapses":[1890],"same":[1893,2067],"rational/irrational":[1894],"binary":[1895],"plagued":[1897],"contemporaries.":[1901],"I":[1902],"mean":[1905],"ignores":[1908],"role":[1910,2035,2122],"emotions":[1912,1929,1937,2037,2113],"process,":[1916],"fails":[1922],"appreciate":[1924],"positive":[1926,1943,2034,2118],"contribution":[1927],"bring.":[1931],"understood":[1935,2032],"influence":[1938],"both":[1942,2116],"negative":[1945,2121],"portrays":[1948],"due":[1953],"(at":[1954],"least":[1955],"part)":[1957],"love":[1960],"freedom":[1962],"caused":[1977],"harm.":[1980],"misplaced,":[1988],"implies":[1991],"actions":[1995],"cruel":[1997],"inhumane":[1999],"(Thuc.":[2000],"5.85\u2013113).":[2001],"may":[2004],"aversion\u201d":[2011],"claims,":[2014],"explanation":[2021],"decided":[2025],"freedom.Plato,":[2030],"too,":[2031],"play":[2039,2115],"process.":[2043],"He":[2044],"argument,":[2052],"myth":[2056],"about":[2057],"afterlife":[2059],"Myth":[2061,2083],"Er)":[2063],"raises":[2065],"question":[2068],"posed":[2069],"2:":[2078],"\u201cWhy":[2079],"moral?\u201d":[2081],"Er,":[2085],"coming":[2086],"arguments":[2095],"already":[2097],"made,":[2099],"emotional":[2104],"inspirational":[2106],"terms,":[2107],"suggesting":[2108],"view,":[2112],"action.":[2127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-12-23T23:11:35.936235","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}