{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405111962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70905/bmcj.03.02.059","title":"Correlation of Myopia with the use of Smart Phones and Outdoor Activities","display_name":"Correlation of Myopia with the use of Smart Phones and Outdoor Activities","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405111962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70905/bmcj.03.02.059"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.70905/bmcj.03.02.059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70905/bmcj.03.02.059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70905/bmcj.03.02.059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407031307","display_name":"BMC Journal of Medical Sciences","issn_l":"2790-3419","issn":["2790-3419","2790-3427"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Journal of Medical Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.70905/bmcj.03.02.059","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115031068","display_name":"Urwa Ghafoor","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Urwa Ghafoor","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067376340","display_name":"Maham Fazal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0142-6335","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0142-6335"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maham Fazal","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078902415","display_name":"Asfandyar Asghar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6798-7491","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6798-7491"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asfandyar Asghar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075919598","display_name":"Sana Nadeem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3994-8774","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3994-8774"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sana Nadeem","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109352972","display_name":"Rana Intisar Ul Haq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1860-8034","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1860-8034"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rana Intisar Ul Haq","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050137139","display_name":"Tariq Munawar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tariq Munawar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"2","first_page":"85","last_page":"89"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12060","display_name":"Child Development and Digital Technology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/myopia","display_name":"myopia","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smartphone-use","display_name":"smartphone use","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outdoor-activities","display_name":"outdoor activities","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/screen-time","display_name":"screen time","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refractive-error","display_name":"refractive error","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/myopia-prevention","display_name":"myopia prevention","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children","display_name":"children","score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/axial-length","display_name":"axial length","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/near-work","display_name":"near work","score":0.597000002861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984771860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22645","display_name":"Smart phone","level":2,"score":0.6468667984008789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6248684525489807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781135284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470427","display_name":"Refractive error","level":3,"score":0.560245156288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986115478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186290","display_name":"Positive correlation","level":2,"score":0.48470544815063477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989041947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186290","display_name":"Linear correlation","level":2,"score":0.463759183883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.457660973072052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778707766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064","display_name":"Phone","level":2,"score":0.43435513973236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988405389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6987247","display_name":"Negative correlation","level":2,"score":0.43376433849334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.40579065680503845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.24094045162200928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778257484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555066","display_name":"Visual acuity","level":2,"score":0.22629553079605103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11891993880271912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10979187488555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08718982338905334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07752248644828796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.70905/bmcj.03.02.059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70905/bmcj.03.02.059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70905/bmcj.03.02.059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407031307","display_name":"BMC Journal of Medical Sciences","issn_l":"2790-3419","issn":["2790-3419","2790-3427"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Journal of Medical Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.70905/bmcj.03.02.059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70905/bmcj.03.02.059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70905/bmcj.03.02.059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407031307","display_name":"BMC Journal of Medical Sciences","issn_l":"2790-3419","issn":["2790-3419","2790-3427"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Journal of Medical Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.993399977684021,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3118289228","https://openalex.org/W3032756525","https://openalex.org/W4410344625","https://openalex.org/W3179533700","https://openalex.org/W2940787817","https://openalex.org/W2040498411","https://openalex.org/W7167497810","https://openalex.org/W2150514205","https://openalex.org/W4410584722","https://openalex.org/W7221480856"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objective:":[0],"To":[1],"determine":[2],"the":[3,13,25,70,83,117,127,192],"correlation":[4,171,190],"between":[5,51,174,191],"smart":[6,88,159,176],"phone":[7,160,177],"usage":[8,161,178],"and":[9,73,90,110,136,179,198,223],"outdoor":[10,92,149,196],"activities":[11,197],"in":[12,91,195,213,217,235],"development":[14],"of":[15,27,41,48,56,69,76,100,143,209,232,237],"myopia.":[16,238],"Methodology:":[17],"A":[18,39,167],"descriptive":[19],"cross-sectional":[20],"study":[21,108],"was":[22,63,80,123,151,162,172,201],"conducted":[23],"at":[24],"Department":[26],"Ophthalmology,":[28],"Fauji":[29],"Foundation":[30],"Hospital":[31],"Rawalpindi,":[32],"from":[33,44],"December":[34],"2021":[35],"to":[36,125,219],"November":[37],"2022.":[38],"total":[40],"200":[42],"eyes":[43],"100":[45,131],"myopic":[46],"patients":[47,132],"either":[49],"gender":[50],"4":[52],"\u2013":[53],"16":[54],"years":[55],"age":[57,142],"were":[58],"included.":[59],"Complete":[60],"ophthalmic":[61],"examination":[62],"carried":[64],"out":[65],"along":[66,94],"with":[67,95,139],"measurements":[68],"height,":[71],"weight,":[72],"axial":[74],"length":[75],"each":[77],"patient.":[78],"Data":[79],"recorded":[81],"on":[82,87],"time":[84,193,222],"spent":[85,194,227],"daily":[86,158,175],"phones":[89],"activities,":[93],"school":[96],"grade,":[97],"family":[98],"history":[99],"myopia,":[101],"dietary":[102],"habits,":[103],"indoor":[104],"activity":[105,150],"time,":[106],"after-school":[107],"hours":[109],"sleep":[111],"time.":[112],"The":[113,130,207],"Statistical":[114],"Package":[115],"for":[116],"Social":[118],"Sciences":[119],"(SPSS)":[120],"version":[121],"23":[122],"used":[124],"analyse":[126],"data.":[128],"Results:":[129],"included":[133],"65":[134],"males":[135],"35":[137],"females":[138],"a":[140,186],"mean":[141,157],"11.52":[144],"\u00b1":[145],"7.43":[146],"years.":[147],"Mean":[148],"34.1":[152],"minutes":[153,164],"per":[154,165],"day":[155],"while":[156],"151.90":[163],"day.":[166],"positive":[168],"significant":[169],"linear":[170],"established":[173],"refractive":[180,199],"error":[181,200],"(r=0.386":[182],"p=":[183],"0.000)":[184],"whilst":[185],"non-significant":[187],"moderate":[188],"inverse":[189],"found":[202],"(r=":[203],"-0.114":[204],"p=0.258)":[205],"Conclusion:":[206],"prevalence":[208],"myopia":[210],"is":[211],"increasing":[212],"modern":[214],"times,":[215],"owing":[216],"part":[218],"extensive":[220],"screen":[221],"near":[224],"work.":[225],"Time":[226],"outdoors":[228],"offers":[229],"some":[230],"degree":[231],"protective":[233],"role":[234],"prevention":[236]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-13T10:08:12.033832","created_date":"2024-12-07T00:00:00"}
