{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404940754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/qwrjh","title":"Automated election audits - Analyzing Exposure to Political Content on Social Media with a Case Study of TikTok in Germany\u2019s 2024 Regional Elections","display_name":"Automated election audits - Analyzing Exposure to Political Content on Social Media with a Case Study of TikTok in Germany\u2019s 2024 Regional Elections","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404940754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/qwrjh"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31219/osf.io/qwrjh","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/qwrjh","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/qwrjh","pdf_url":"https://osf.io/qwrjh/download","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://osf.io/qwrjh/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090360841","display_name":"Jasper Tjaden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-3535","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-3535"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176453806","display_name":"University of Potsdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03bnmw459","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jasper Tjaden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences , Potsdam Social Media Monitor , University of Potsdam , Potsdam , Brandenburg , Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences , Potsdam Social Media Monitor , University of Potsdam , Potsdam , Brandenburg , Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114294906","display_name":"Johannes Wolfgram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5656-4969","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5656-4969"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Wolfgram","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5656-4969","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114294907","display_name":"Aaron Philipp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0585-8794","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0585-8794"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaron Philipp","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0585-8794","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sarah Weissmann","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Weissmann","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025053792","display_name":"Licia Bobzien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2274-509X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2274-509X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Licia Bobzien","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2274-509X","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015751152","display_name":"Ulrich K\u00f6hler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5614-6063","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5614-6063"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ulrich Kohler","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088800681","display_name":"Roland Verwiebe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3202-8820","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3202-8820"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roland Verwiebe","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3202-8820","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9121000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9121000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.06279999762773514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13718","display_name":"Media Influence and Politics","score":0.00839999970048666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media-data-collection","display_name":"social media data collection","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tiktok","display_name":"TikTok","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/right-wing-populism","display_name":"right-wing populism","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternative-fur-deutschland","display_name":"Alternative f\u00fcr Deutschland","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-transparency","display_name":"algorithmic transparency","score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-polarization","display_name":"political polarization","score":0.38199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-ethics","display_name":"data ethics","score":0.30799999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.7931933999061584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.706841230392456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778152352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165061","display_name":"Content (measure theory)","level":2,"score":0.5640028119087219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.54714435338974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.48392540216445923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.47972312569618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162446236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653137","display_name":"Content analysis","level":2,"score":0.4505293667316437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4199996292591095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.20231479406356812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.16100695729255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1007741391658783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09484055638313293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31219/osf.io/qwrjh","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/qwrjh","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/qwrjh","pdf_url":"https://osf.io/qwrjh/download","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:218a5c3e-d1c1-4ec5-982a-3062909ef82a","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/qwrjh","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401127","display_name":"OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31219/osf.io/qwrjh","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/qwrjh","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/qwrjh","pdf_url":"https://osf.io/qwrjh/download","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8046000003814697,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322480","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Potsdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03bnmw459"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404940754.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404940754.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7111612133","https://openalex.org/W4403467938","https://openalex.org/W4402702536","https://openalex.org/W4415805070","https://openalex.org/W7162209355","https://openalex.org/W7160437906","https://openalex.org/W4391386008","https://openalex.org/W2884766553","https://openalex.org/W7171422837","https://openalex.org/W7166536103"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"main":[1],"obstacle":[2],"to":[3,15,28,98,140,147],"the":[4,35,46,85,96,120,141],"study":[5,101],"of":[6,55,59,88,137,157],"social":[7,30,47],"media's":[8],"impact":[9],"on":[10,34,79,102,106,119],"democracy":[11],"is":[12,50],"limited":[13],"access":[14],"platform":[16],"data.":[17],"We":[18,150],"present":[19],"sock-puppet":[20,89],"audits":[21,90],"as":[22,160,162],"a":[23,99,132],"method":[24],"for":[25,71,155],"political":[26,103,129],"scientists":[27],"collect":[29],"media":[31],"data":[32,69],"building":[33],"algorithm":[36],"audit":[37],"literature":[38],"in":[39,45],"computer":[40],"science":[41],"and":[42,62,74,165],"experimental":[43],"approaches":[44],"sciences.":[48],"Data":[49],"collected":[51],"by":[52],"scraping":[53],"feeds":[54],"automated":[56],"users":[57,126],"(bots)":[58],"varied":[60],"profile":[61],"behavioral":[63],"characteristics.":[64],"Our":[65],"framework":[66],"produces":[67],"real-time":[68],"suitable":[70],"both":[72],"quantitative":[73],"qualitative":[75],"analysis":[76],"without":[77,127],"relying":[78],"platform-controlled":[80],"APIs.":[81],"First,":[82],"we":[83,94,122],"demonstrate":[84],"step-by-step":[86],"execution":[87],"using":[91],"pseudocode.":[92],"Second,":[93],"apply":[95],"approach":[97,159],"case":[100],"content":[104],"exposure":[105],"TikTok":[107],"during":[108],"Germany\u2019s":[109],"2024":[110],"regional":[111],"elections":[112],"(N=230.000":[113],"videos).":[114],"Within":[115],"just":[116],"three":[117],"weeks":[118],"platform,":[121],"find":[123],"that":[124],"new":[125],"any":[128],"interest":[130],"have":[131],"3-4":[133],"times":[134],"higher":[135],"likelihood":[136],"being":[138],"exposed":[139],"right-wing":[142],"populist":[143],"party":[144],"(AFD)":[145],"relative":[146],"mainstream":[148],"parties.":[149],"further":[151],"discuss":[152],"cross-platform":[153],"opportunities":[154],"application":[156],"this":[158],"well":[161],"legal,":[163],"ethical":[164],"technical":[166],"challenges.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2024-12-03T00:00:00"}