{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404388977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2411.05025","title":"LLMs as Research Tools: A Large Scale Survey of Researchers' Usage and Perceptions","display_name":"LLMs as Research Tools: A Large Scale Survey of Researchers' Usage and Perceptions","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404388977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2411.05025"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2411.05025","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2411.05025","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.05025","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.05025","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Liao, Zhehui","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liao, Zhehui","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington , Seattle , US;","University of Washington , US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington , Seattle , US;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington , US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001225581","display_name":"Maria Antoniak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4807-2850","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4807-2850"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","display_name":"University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/035b05819","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antoniak, Maria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pioneer Centre for Artificial Intelligence , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark;","Pioneer Centre for Artificial Intelligence , University of Copenhagen , Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pioneer Centre for Artificial Intelligence , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pioneer Centre for Artificial Intelligence , University of Copenhagen , Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043590663","display_name":"Inyoung Cheong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6825-4734","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6825-4734"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheong, Inyoung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University , New York , US;","Princeton University , US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University , New York , US;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University , US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001349710","display_name":"Evie Yu-Yen Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6054-1688","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6054-1688"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156221","display_name":"Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/05w520734","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156221"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng, Evie Yu-Yen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence (Ai2) , Seattle , US;","Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence (Ai2) , US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence (Ai2) , Seattle , US;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156221"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence (Ai2) , US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156221"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lee, Ai-Heng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156221","display_name":"Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/05w520734","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156221"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lee, Ai-Heng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence (Ai2) , US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence (Ai2) , US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156221"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066588555","display_name":"Kyle Lo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1804-2853","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1804-2853"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156221","display_name":"Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/05w520734","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156221"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lo, Kyle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence (Ai2) , US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence (Ai2) , US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156221"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102726483","display_name":"Joseph Chee Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0798-4351","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0798-4351"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156221","display_name":"Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/05w520734","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156221"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang, Joseph Chee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence (Ai2) , US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence (Ai2) , US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156221"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037569091","display_name":"Amy Xian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9462-9835","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9462-9835"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Amy X.","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington , US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington , US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":90,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.7172999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.7172999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13904","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Applications","score":0.05130000039935112,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.0471000000834465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-workflow-automation","display_name":"research workflow automation","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/researcher-perceptions","display_name":"researcher perceptions","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-equity","display_name":"research equity","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-native-english-speakers","display_name":"non-native English speakers","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/young-scientists","display_name":"young researchers","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethical-issues","display_name":"ethical considerations","score":0.6389999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.6573524475097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.6347887516021729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173481278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257997","display_name":"Survey research","level":2,"score":0.6034554243087769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4092404246330261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.37860313057899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3184516131877899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.27010872960090637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.2138649821281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.12224876880645752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2411.05025","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2411.05025","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.05025","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2411.05025","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2411.05025","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2411.05025","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2411.05025","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2411.05025","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.05025","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404388977.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404388977.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2100201014","https://openalex.org/W2800701210","https://openalex.org/W3091542069","https://openalex.org/W3120142301","https://openalex.org/W4225108562","https://openalex.org/W4226278401","https://openalex.org/W4280554323","https://openalex.org/W4281669078","https://openalex.org/W4320005767","https://openalex.org/W4362454930","https://openalex.org/W4362655490","https://openalex.org/W4376643711","https://openalex.org/W4377864096","https://openalex.org/W4378465287","https://openalex.org/W4380078608","https://openalex.org/W4380997384","https://openalex.org/W4387561198","https://openalex.org/W4388835050","https://openalex.org/W4389164139","https://openalex.org/W4390784029","https://openalex.org/W4391558520","https://openalex.org/W4391591671","https://openalex.org/W4392822106","https://openalex.org/W4393118307","https://openalex.org/W4394576991","https://openalex.org/W4395029328","https://openalex.org/W4396827132","https://openalex.org/W4396833486","https://openalex.org/W4398766423","https://openalex.org/W4399362479","https://openalex.org/W4399362671","https://openalex.org/W4400734098","https://openalex.org/W4401609675","https://openalex.org/W4402008279","https://openalex.org/W4402039423","https://openalex.org/W4402625716","https://openalex.org/W4402671286","https://openalex.org/W4403333849","https://openalex.org/W4403431383","https://openalex.org/W4410512509","https://openalex.org/W4411948293","https://openalex.org/W6966898720"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4405894594","https://openalex.org/W7164026684","https://openalex.org/W7117485606","https://openalex.org/W7135234245","https://openalex.org/W7203476680","https://openalex.org/W4403318901","https://openalex.org/W7167238639","https://openalex.org/W4417413629","https://openalex.org/W4402467842","https://openalex.org/W7171144936"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rise":[1],"of":[2,29,65,93,102],"large":[3],"language":[4],"models":[5],"(LLMs)":[6],"has":[7,47],"led":[8],"many":[9],"researchers":[10,54,94,140],"to":[11,24,39,49,71],"consider":[12],"their":[13,30,103],"usage":[14,125],"for":[15,131],"scientific":[16],"work.":[17],"Some":[18],"have":[19,35,95,141],"found":[20],"benefits":[21],"using":[22],"LLMs":[23,56,80,98],"augment":[25],"or":[26],"automate":[27],"aspects":[28,101],"research":[31,68,75,82,104,133],"pipeline,":[32],"while":[33],"others":[34],"urged":[36],"caution":[37],"due":[38],"risks":[40],"and":[41,51,57,78,117,126,138],"ethical":[42,143],"concerns.":[43],"Yet":[44],"little":[45],"work":[46],"sought":[48],"quantify":[50],"characterize":[52],"how":[53,73],"use":[55],"why.":[58],"We":[59,84,106],"present":[60],"the":[61,74],"first":[62],"large-scale":[63],"survey":[64],"816":[66],"verified":[67],"article":[69],"authors":[70],"understand":[72],"community":[76],"leverages":[77],"perceives":[79],"as":[81],"tools.":[83],"examine":[85],"participants'":[86],"self-reported":[87],"LLM":[88,124],"usage,":[89],"finding":[90],"that":[91,109],"81%":[92],"already":[96],"incorporated":[97],"into":[99],"different":[100],"workflow.":[105],"also":[107],"find":[108],"traditionally":[110],"disadvantaged":[111],"groups":[112],"in":[113],"academia":[114],"(non-White,":[115],"junior,":[116],"non-native":[118],"English":[119],"speaking":[120],"researchers)":[121],"report":[122],"higher":[123],"perceived":[127],"benefits,":[128],"suggesting":[129],"potential":[130],"improved":[132],"equity.":[134],"However,":[135],"women,":[136],"non-binary,":[137],"senior":[139],"greater":[142],"concerns,":[144],"potentially":[145],"hindering":[146],"adoption.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2024-11-15T00:00:00"}