{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404367358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100239","title":"New Ethereum-based distributed PKI with a reward-and-punishment mechanism","display_name":"New Ethereum-based distributed PKI with a reward-and-punishment mechanism","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404367358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100239"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-b","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100239","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065790958","display_name":"Chong-Gee Koa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3403-0323","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3403-0323"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chong-Gee Koa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3403-0323","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002667285","display_name":"Swee\u2010Huay Heng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3627-2131","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3627-2131"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swee-Huay Heng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3627-2131","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066461054","display_name":"Ji\u2010Jian Chin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9809-6976","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9809-6976"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I897542642","display_name":"University of Plymouth","ror":"https://ror.org/008n7pv89","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji-Jian Chin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics (Faculty of Science and Engineering), University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9809-6976","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics (Faculty of Science and Engineering), University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065790958"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1600},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1600},"fwci":1.2697,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81006974,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"100239","last_page":"100239"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13913","display_name":"Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning","score":0.012900000438094139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-infrastructure","display_name":"public key infrastructure","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethereum","display_name":"Ethereum","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reward-and-punishment-mechanism","display_name":"reward and punishment system","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/certificate-authority","display_name":"certificate authority","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-point-of-failure","display_name":"single point of failure","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-of-trust","display_name":"web of trust","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness-measurement","display_name":"trustworthiness measurement","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node-classification","display_name":"node classification","score":0.4620000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779295839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3544090","display_name":"Punishment (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6485689878463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6149171590805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.543830394744873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72648740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658476","display_name":"Public key infrastructure","level":4,"score":0.44729408621788025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145428669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471748","display_name":"Exception handling","level":2,"score":0.4271029233932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4193265438079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.41754212975502014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.18871745467185974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.16075396537780762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.12237343192100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.08148553967475891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07561030983924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-b","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:shdl.mmu.edu.my:13655","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://shdl.mmu.edu.my/13655/1/New%20Ethereum-based%20distributed%20PKI%20with%20a%20reward-and-punishment%20mechanism.pdf","pdf_url":"https://shdl.mmu.edu.my/13655/1/New%20Ethereum-based%20distributed%20PKI%20with%20a%20reward-and-punishment%20mechanism.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196753","display_name":"Siti Hasmah Digital Library-MMU Institutiona Repository (Multimedia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","host_organization_name":"Multimedia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pearl.plymouth.ac.uk:secam-research-3094","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/secam-research/2094","pdf_url":"https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/context/secam-research/article/3094/viewcontent/1_s2.0_S2096720924000526_main.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402507","display_name":"PEARL (University of Plymouth)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I897542642","host_organization_name":"University of Plymouth","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:93bc10954047466db4428ae616900b6a","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/93bc10954047466db4428ae616900b6a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 100239- (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-b","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.428600013256073}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5932697173","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RDTC/221045","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326578","funder_display_name":"Telekom Malaysia Berhad"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6128537980","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RDTC/221045","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313202","funder_display_name":"Multimedia University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313202","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326578","display_name":"Telekom Malaysia Berhad","ror":"https://ror.org/00s3fdw25"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404367358.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404367358.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W66307533","https://openalex.org/W113132652","https://openalex.org/W146244851","https://openalex.org/W1850823044","https://openalex.org/W2060371875","https://openalex.org/W2126087831","https://openalex.org/W2150010995","https://openalex.org/W2511395838","https://openalex.org/W2560730863","https://openalex.org/W2688317400","https://openalex.org/W2796867768","https://openalex.org/W2796928104","https://openalex.org/W2805575797","https://openalex.org/W2888192595","https://openalex.org/W2889666008","https://openalex.org/W2907358544","https://openalex.org/W2911820601","https://openalex.org/W2913584116","https://openalex.org/W2914409245","https://openalex.org/W2917878349","https://openalex.org/W2972665319","https://openalex.org/W3036934770","https://openalex.org/W3108079065","https://openalex.org/W3118037924","https://openalex.org/W3123015093","https://openalex.org/W3193862112","https://openalex.org/W3197909356","https://openalex.org/W3199705142","https://openalex.org/W4206495260","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4231608039","https://openalex.org/W4240886159","https://openalex.org/W4246841198","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4281761141","https://openalex.org/W4321381287","https://openalex.org/W4387187150","https://openalex.org/W4401943036","https://openalex.org/W6714240215"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3197909356","https://openalex.org/W7009708849","https://openalex.org/W3199705142","https://openalex.org/W4214855199","https://openalex.org/W7163420641","https://openalex.org/W6925730418","https://openalex.org/W7140383761","https://openalex.org/W4396535363","https://openalex.org/W3132467245","https://openalex.org/W3006262323"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,204],"paper":[1],"explores":[2],"the":[3,13,21,89,96,107,160,164,171,209],"critical":[4],"role":[5],"of":[6,15,23,49,91,95,109,113,126,163,174,225,248],"Public":[7],"Key":[8],"Infrastructure":[9],"(PKI)":[10],"in":[11,19,25,140,166],"ensuring":[12],"security":[14,90,173,221],"electronic":[16],"transactions,":[17],"particularly":[18],"validating":[20],"authenticity":[22],"websites":[24],"online":[26],"environments.":[27],"Traditional":[28],"Centralised":[29],"PKIs":[30,56,227],"(CPKIs)":[31],"relying":[32],"on":[33,100],"Certificate":[34],"Authorities":[35],"(CAs)":[36],"face":[37],"a":[38,46,82,110,120,175],"significant":[39],"drawback":[40],"due":[41],"to":[42,45,87,207,260],"their":[43],"susceptibility":[44],"single":[47,111],"point":[48,112],"failure.":[50,114],"To":[51],"address":[52],"this":[53],"concern,":[54],"Decentralised":[55],"(DPKIs)":[57],"have":[58,73],"emerged":[59],"as":[60],"an":[61,213,242],"alternative.":[62],"However,":[63],"both":[64],"centralised":[65],"and":[66,84,131,155,169,187,193,220,231,236,255],"decentralised":[67],"approaches":[68],"encounter":[69],"specific":[70],"challenges.":[71],"Researchers":[72],"made":[74],"several":[75],"attempts":[76,97],"using":[77],"blockchain-based":[78,121,226,239],"PKI,":[79,102],"which":[80,103,118,228],"implements":[81,124],"reward":[83,130,230],"punishment":[85,232,237],"mechanism":[86],"enhance":[88],"traditional":[92],"PKI.":[93],"Most":[94],"are":[98],"focused":[99],"CA-based":[101],"still":[104],"suffers":[105],"from":[106],"risk":[108],"Inspired":[115],"by":[116,211],"ETHERST,":[117],"is":[119],"PKI":[122,215,240],"that":[123,145,196],"Web":[125],"Trust":[127],"(WoT)":[128],"with":[129,138,182,217,238,241],"punishment,":[132],"we":[133],"introduce":[134],"ETHERST":[135,152,156,197,201],"version":[136,153,157,198,202],"3.0,":[137],"improvements":[139],"its":[141],"secure":[142],"level":[143],"algorithm":[144,181],"enhances":[146],"trustworthiness":[147,167,219],"measurement.":[148],"Comparative":[149],"simulations":[150,262],"between":[151],"2.0":[154],"3.0":[158,199],"reveal":[159],"superior":[161],"performance":[162],"latter":[165],"measurement":[168],"ensure":[170],"higher":[172],"virtual":[176],"community.":[177],"The":[178],"new":[179,244],"simulation":[180],"different":[183],"node":[184],"type":[185],"definitions":[186],"assumptions":[188],"presents":[189],"results":[190],"through":[191],"tables":[192],"graphs,":[194],"showing":[195],"outperforms":[200],"2.0.":[203],"research":[205],"contributes":[206],"advancing":[208],"field":[210],"introducing":[212],"innovative":[214],"solution":[216],"enhanced":[218],"features.":[222],"\u2022":[223,234,246],"Comparison":[224],"implement":[229],"mechanism.":[233],"Reward":[235],"improved":[243],"algorithm.":[245,263],"Definition":[247],"bad(":[249],"B":[250],"),":[251],"normal(":[252],"N":[253],")":[254,258],"good(":[256],"G":[257],"nodes":[259],"improve":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2024-11-15T00:00:00"}
