{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404334341","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/67409","title":"The Triage and Diagnostic Accuracy of Frontier Large Language Models: Updated Comparison to Physician Performance","display_name":"The Triage and Diagnostic Accuracy of Frontier Large Language Models: Updated Comparison to Physician Performance","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404334341","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/67409","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39642373","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11662182"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2196/67409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/67409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/67409","pdf_url":"https://www.jmir.org/2024/1/e67409/PDF","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17147534","display_name":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","issn_l":"1438-8871","issn":["1438-8871","1439-4456"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320608","host_organization_name":"JMIR Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320608"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["JMIR Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.jmir.org/2024/1/e67409/PDF","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067594062","display_name":"Michael Joseph Sorich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1999-866X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1999-866X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169541294","display_name":"Flinders University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kpzv902","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169541294"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Joseph Sorich","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1999-866X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169541294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057645839","display_name":"Arduino Aleksander Mangoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-1412","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-1412"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169541294","display_name":"Flinders University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kpzv902","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169541294"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arduino Aleksander Mangoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia","Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-1412","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169541294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008155440","display_name":"Stephen Bacchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5130-8628","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5130-8628"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087915","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Bacchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology and the Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5130-8628","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology and the Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210087915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081915821","display_name":"Bradley D. Menz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0855-5081","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0855-5081"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169541294","display_name":"Flinders University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kpzv902","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169541294"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bradley Douglas Menz","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0855-5081","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169541294"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060370312","display_name":"Ashley Mark Hopkins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7652-4378","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7652-4378"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169541294","display_name":"Flinders University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kpzv902","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169541294"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashley Mark Hopkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7652-4378","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169541294"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067594062"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169541294"],"apc_list":{"value":2950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2950},"apc_paid":{"value":2950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2950},"fwci":2.1797,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88320455,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":null,"first_page":"e67409","last_page":"e67409"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.007499999832361937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":0.0027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triage","display_name":"triage","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-accuracy","display_name":"diagnostic accuracy","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physician-performance","display_name":"physician performance","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-decision-support","display_name":"clinical decision support","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergency-department-triage","display_name":"emergency department triage","score":0.5360000133514404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43169469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580922","display_name":"Preprint","level":2,"score":0.895533561706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777120189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780067","display_name":"Triage","level":2,"score":0.7500088214874268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778571376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1355821","display_name":"Frontier","level":2,"score":0.572516918182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.4104202389717102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4022146463394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.37833327054977417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3761087656021118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36330026388168335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.29621750116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.22707223892211914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.1447230875492096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.09174302220344543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2196/67409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/67409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/67409","pdf_url":"https://www.jmir.org/2024/1/e67409/PDF","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17147534","display_name":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","issn_l":"1438-8871","issn":["1438-8871","1439-4456"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320608","host_organization_name":"JMIR Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320608"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["JMIR Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2196/preprints.67409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.67409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.67409","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11662182","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11662182","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Med Internet Res","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:39642373","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39642373","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of medical Internet research","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8a96aa6013fb4393807e7cfecf29a174","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8a96aa6013fb4393807e7cfecf29a174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Internet Research, Vol 26, p e67409 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2196/67409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/67409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/67409","pdf_url":"https://www.jmir.org/2024/1/e67409/PDF","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17147534","display_name":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","issn_l":"1438-8871","issn":["1438-8871","1439-4456"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320608","host_organization_name":"JMIR Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320608"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["JMIR Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.504800021648407}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2677818305","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"APP2008119","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334706","funder_display_name":"Cancer Council South Australia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4254838763","display_name":"Precision Medicine and Cancer Immunotherapy: A Multifactorial Paradigm","funder_award_id":"2008119","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334705","funder_display_name":"National Health and Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7072233021","display_name":"Optimising Breast Cancer Treatment: Unravelling the Influence of Concomitant Medicines and Patient Subgroups through Machine Learning and Big Data","funder_award_id":"2030913","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334705","funder_display_name":"National Health and Medical Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334705","display_name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/011kf5r70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334706","display_name":"Cancer Council South Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/03m5qkb69"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404334341.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404334341.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389156617","https://openalex.org/W4393054062","https://openalex.org/W4396570449","https://openalex.org/W4396691546","https://openalex.org/W4399667220","https://openalex.org/W4400937555"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4403486851","https://openalex.org/W4414462138","https://openalex.org/W7140039778","https://openalex.org/W7204136739","https://openalex.org/W4415310213","https://openalex.org/W4414462159","https://openalex.org/W4396856309","https://openalex.org/W7161600910","https://openalex.org/W7128166125","https://openalex.org/W4404782931"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2024-11-14T00:00:00"}