{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404311368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.risk.2024.100004","title":"Artificial intelligence and uncertainty","display_name":"Artificial intelligence and uncertainty","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404311368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.risk.2024.100004"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.risk.2024.100004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.risk.2024.100004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.risk.2024.100004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404673874","display_name":"Risk sciences.","issn_l":"2950-6298","issn":["2950-6298"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Risk Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.risk.2024.100004","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080649765","display_name":"Myron S. Scholes","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Myron S. Scholes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University,\u00a0United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University,\u00a0United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080649765"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":{"value":0,"currency":"USD","value_usd":0},"apc_paid":{"value":0,"currency":"USD","value_usd":0},"fwci":3.6485,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94177773,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"100004","last_page":"100004"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13904","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Applications","score":0.8544999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13904","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Applications","score":0.8544999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14260","display_name":"Impact of AI and Big Data on Business and Society","score":0.08169999718666077,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.045499999076128006,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"artificial intelligence","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty","display_name":"uncertainty","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tail-risk","display_name":"tail risk","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outliers","display_name":"outliers","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-ai-collaboration","display_name":"human-AI collaboration","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-governance","display_name":"AI governance","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-twin","display_name":"digital twin","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decarbonization","display_name":"decarbonization","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-management","display_name":"anomaly management","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trust-in-ai","display_name":"trust in AI","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-agriculture","display_name":"precision agriculture","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decentralized-care","display_name":"decentralized healthcare","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"robotics","score":0.6480000019073486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41128405928611755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4063946604728699}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.risk.2024.100004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.risk.2024.100004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.risk.2024.100004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404673874","display_name":"Risk sciences.","issn_l":"2950-6298","issn":["2950-6298"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Risk Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5d8c3e85a7d84b3a888a09932427d5eb","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5d8c3e85a7d84b3a888a09932427d5eb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Risk Sciences, Vol 1, Iss , Pp 100004- (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.risk.2024.100004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.risk.2024.100004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.risk.2024.100004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404673874","display_name":"Risk sciences.","issn_l":"2950-6298","issn":["2950-6298"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Risk Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.7207000255584717},{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.46149998903274536}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"has":[3],"both":[4],"capabilities":[5],"and":[6,25,67,75,82,105,110,175,189,197,208],"limitations":[7],"in":[8,12,48,80,139,163,185,205],"managing":[9,49,149],"uncertainty,":[10],"particularly":[11],"handling":[13],"average":[14],"cases":[15],"versus":[16],"extreme":[17],"outliers.":[18],"AI":[19,159],"excels":[20],"at":[21],"analyzing":[22],"large":[23],"datasets":[24],"predicting":[26],"typical":[27],"outcomes,":[28],"but":[29,154],"struggles":[30],"with":[31,45],"rare,":[32],"critical":[33],"scenarios":[34],"that":[35],"require":[36],"flexibility":[37],"beyond":[38],"its":[39,164],"data-driven":[40],"approach.":[41],"Integrating":[42],"human":[43],"expertise":[44],"AI,":[46,195],"especially":[47],"anomalies,":[50],"enhances":[51],"AI's":[52,137,179],"potential":[53,200],"to":[54,87,95,117,128],"address":[55],"complex":[56],"situations.":[57],"The":[58,98,134,192],"discussion":[59],"also":[60,155],"highlights":[61],"the":[62,71,121,146],"tension":[63],"between":[64,194],"rapid":[65],"innovation":[66,198],"rigid":[68],"governance,":[69,196],"emphasizing":[70],"importance":[72,147],"of":[73,100,148],"trust":[74],"adaptable":[76],"frameworks":[77],"for":[78,123,201],"progress":[79],"technology":[81],"finance.":[83],"Governance":[84],"must":[85,160],"evolve":[86],"allow":[88],"faster,":[89],"individualized":[90],"solutions":[91,119],"while":[92],"maintaining":[93],"oversight":[94],"prevent":[96],"risks.":[97,158],"concept":[99],"\"digital":[101],"twins\"":[102],"improves":[103],"adaptability":[104],"cost":[106],"efficiency":[107,167],"by":[108],"modeling":[109],"simulating":[111],"physical":[112],"entities.":[113],"Transitioning":[114],"from":[115],"hardware-":[116],"software-driven":[118],"underscores":[120],"need":[122],"production":[124],"agility,":[125],"enabling":[126],"industries":[127],"adapt":[129],"without":[130],"major":[131,203],"structural":[132],"changes.":[133],"analysis":[135,181],"addresses":[136],"role":[138],"large-scale":[140],"societal":[141],"issues":[142],"like":[143],"decarbonization,":[144],"stressing":[145],"not":[150],"just":[151],"mean":[152],"outcomes":[153],"catastrophic":[156],"tail":[157],"identify":[161],"gaps":[162],"understanding,":[165],"enhancing":[166],"through":[168],"collaborative":[169],"training.":[170],"Technological":[171],"advancements,":[172],"including":[173],"sensors":[174],"digital":[176],"twins,":[177],"enhance":[178],"real-time":[180],"capabilities,":[182],"expanding":[183],"applications":[184],"robotics,":[186],"precision":[187],"agriculture,":[188],"decentralized":[190],"healthcare.":[191],"interplay":[193],"shows":[199],"solving":[202],"challenges":[204],"finance,":[206],"healthcare,":[207],"sustainability,":[209],"contingent":[210],"on":[211],"integrating":[212],"adaptive":[213],"human-AI":[214],"collaboration.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-03T13:16:28.481748","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}