{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404189656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5159465/v1","title":"Effective oral cytology deep learning classifier for annotation labels with diagnostic differences","display_name":"Effective oral cytology deep learning classifier for annotation labels with diagnostic differences","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404189656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5159465/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5159465/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5159465/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5159465/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5159465/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040373406","display_name":"Shintaro Sukegawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7986-2735","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7986-2735"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201933988","display_name":"Kagawa University","ror":"https://ror.org/04j7mzp05","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201933988"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shintaro Sukegawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201933988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yusuke Misu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42405503","display_name":"Gifu University","ror":"https://ror.org/024exxj48","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusuke Misu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gifu University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gifu University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023061079","display_name":"Keisuke Nakano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8316-8543","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8316-8543"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163770644","display_name":"Okayama University","ror":"https://ror.org/02pc6pc55","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163770644"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keisuke Nakano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Okayama University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Okayama University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163770644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090297441","display_name":"Takeshi Hara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0235-238X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0235-238X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42405503","display_name":"Gifu University","ror":"https://ror.org/024exxj48","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takeshi Hara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gifu University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gifu University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068233247","display_name":"Takanaga Ochiai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5016-2576","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5016-2576"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142822886","display_name":"Asahi University","ror":"https://ror.org/05epcpp46","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142822886"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takanaga Ochiai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Asahi University School of Dentistry"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Asahi University School of Dentistry","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142822886"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100569621","display_name":"Katsumitsu Shimada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9786-2581","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9786-2581"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90960554","display_name":"Matsumoto Dental University","ror":"https://ror.org/041jyt122","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90960554"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katsumitsu Shimada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Matsumoto Dental University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Matsumoto Dental University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90960554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045676866","display_name":"Shin Ito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9310-1852","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9310-1852"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42405503","display_name":"Gifu University","ror":"https://ror.org/024exxj48","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shin Ito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gifu University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gifu University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101927217","display_name":"Yuta Inoue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9618-047X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9618-047X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7128-1204"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42405503","display_name":"Gifu University","ror":"https://ror.org/024exxj48","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuta Inoue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gifu University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gifu University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yoshihiro Taki","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42405503","display_name":"Gifu University","ror":"https://ror.org/024exxj48","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoshihiro Taki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gifu University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gifu University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42405503"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046677951","display_name":"Fumi Nakai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9040-4065","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9040-4065"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201933988","display_name":"Kagawa University","ror":"https://ror.org/04j7mzp05","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201933988"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fumi Nakai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201933988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112547748","display_name":"Yasuhiro Nakai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201933988","display_name":"Kagawa University","ror":"https://ror.org/04j7mzp05","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201933988"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasuhiro Nakai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201933988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049525069","display_name":"Masato Saika","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201933988","display_name":"Kagawa University","ror":"https://ror.org/04j7mzp05","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201933988"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masato Saika","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201933988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016470758","display_name":"Satoshi Murakami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5553-7663","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5553-7663","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7091-876X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90960554","display_name":"Matsumoto Dental University","ror":"https://ror.org/041jyt122","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90960554"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satoshi Murakami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Matsumoto Dental University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Matsumoto Dental University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90960554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113819628","display_name":"Hitoshi Nagatsuka","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163770644","display_name":"Okayama University","ror":"https://ror.org/02pc6pc55","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163770644"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hitoshi Nagatsuka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Okayama University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Okayama University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163770644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070368902","display_name":"Minoru Miyake","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8553-9704","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8553-9704"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201933988","display_name":"Kagawa University","ror":"https://ror.org/04j7mzp05","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201933988"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minoru Miyake","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201933988"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023049186","display_name":"Motohiko Nagayama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5430-0098","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5430-0098"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142822886","display_name":"Asahi University","ror":"https://ror.org/05epcpp46","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142822886"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Motohiko Nagayama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Asahi University School of Dentistry"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Asahi University School of Dentistry","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142822886"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040373406"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201933988"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11452","display_name":"Oral Health Pathology and Treatment","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3500","display_name":"General Dentistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oral-cytology","display_name":"oral cytology","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning-classifier","display_name":"deep learning classifier","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-variation","display_name":"diagnostic variation","score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resnet-50","display_name":"ResNet50","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-models","display_name":"probabilistic models","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/majority-voting","display_name":"majority voting","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytological-diagnosis","display_name":"cytological diagnosis","score":0.5540000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.7129220366477966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.6891515851020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6639100909233093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5942978858947754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18823058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cytology","level":2,"score":0.5243402123451233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4791938066482544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3084544539451599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.233868807554245}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5159465/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5159465/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5159465/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5159465/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5159465/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5159465/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9391000270843506}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2599788042","https://openalex.org/W3084409515","https://openalex.org/W3094595351","https://openalex.org/W4289518712","https://openalex.org/W4316126515","https://openalex.org/W4391876883","https://openalex.org/W4401107769"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4401107769","https://openalex.org/W4408717194","https://openalex.org/W7131282505","https://openalex.org/W4406036549","https://openalex.org/W4394713052","https://openalex.org/W4410495258","https://openalex.org/W7212173341","https://openalex.org/W7220616084","https://openalex.org/W4402593493","https://openalex.org/W7135010040"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Oral":[1],"cytological":[2],"diagnosis":[3,170],"is":[4],"challenging":[5],"and":[6,69,92,100,103,107,157,184,194],"often":[7],"leads":[8],"to":[9,31,179],"differing":[10,46],"diagnostic":[11,14,120,196],"outcomes.":[12],"Recently,":[13],"technologies":[15],"for":[16,62],"medical":[17],"images":[18],"using":[19],"artificial":[20],"intelligence":[21],"(AI)":[22],"have":[23],"advanced":[24],"significantly.":[25],"However,":[26],"these":[27],"advancements":[28],"typically":[29],"apply":[30],"cases":[32],"where":[33],"AI":[34,43,60,119,169],"training":[35],"data":[36],"are":[37,80],"uniform,":[38],"leaving":[39],"the":[40,54,57,85,112,123,126,130,134,141,146,150,153,158,175,181],"effectiveness":[41],"of":[42,56,71,114,152],"models":[44,79,105,117,139,156],"with":[45,171],"correct":[47,173],"labels":[48,64],"unclear.":[49],"This":[50],"study":[51],"reports":[52],"on":[53,118],"exploration":[55],"most":[58,131,182],"effective":[59],"model":[61,88,128,136,148,160,177],"varying":[63],"in":[65,166],"oral":[66],"cytology":[67],"images,":[68],"evaluation":[70],"classification":[72,143],"prediction":[73],"impacts":[74],"when":[75],"less":[76],"experienced":[77],"physician":[78,116,155],"incorporated.":[81],"In":[82,168],"this":[83],"study,":[84],"deep":[86],"learning":[87,193],"ResNet50":[89],"was":[90,129],"used,":[91],"we":[93],"constructed":[94],"single":[95,124],"(individual":[96],"pathologist,":[97],"majority":[98],"voting,":[99],"probabilistic":[101,127,159],"models)":[102],"multiple":[104,138],"(head-fusion":[106],"logit-fusion).":[108],"We":[109],"also":[110],"assessed":[111],"impact":[113],"less-experienced":[115,154],"performance.":[121,167],"Among":[122],"models,":[125],"stable,":[132],"whereas":[133],"head-fusion":[135,147,176],"among":[137],"achieved":[140],"highest":[142],"accuracy.":[144,197],"Additionally,":[145],"minimized":[149],"influence":[151],"exhibited":[161],"a":[162],"statistically":[163],"significant":[164],"decline":[165],"various":[172],"labels,":[174],"proved":[178],"be":[180],"robust":[183],"effective,":[185],"suggesting":[186],"that":[187],"applying":[188],"appropriate":[189],"weightings":[190],"can":[191],"enhance":[192],"improve":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2024-11-09T00:00:00"}