{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404082463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.73028","title":"Application of Convolutional Neural Networks for Determining Gender and Age in Forensic Dentistry","display_name":"Application of Convolutional Neural Networks for Determining Gender and Age in Forensic Dentistry","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404082463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.73028","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39640166","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11618129"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.7759/cureus.73028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.73028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.73028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738950867","display_name":"Cureus","issn_l":"2168-8184","issn":["2168-8184"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316779","host_organization_name":"Cureus, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cureus, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.73028","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108175374","display_name":"Mad\u017eida Hundur Hiyari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2636-8398","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2636-8398"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117113","display_name":"Verlab (Bosnia and Herzegovina)","ror":"https://ror.org/025jqxp42","country_code":"BA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117113"]}],"countries":["BA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madzida Hundur Hiyari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence, Verlab Research Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Devices and Artificial Intelligence, Sarajevo, BIH"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence, Verlab Research Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Devices and Artificial Intelligence, Sarajevo, BIH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049939534","display_name":"Mirza Pa\u0161i\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0901-0913","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0901-0913"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104817121","display_name":"University of Sarajevo","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwgd43","country_code":"BA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104817121"]}],"countries":["BA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mirza Pasic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Engineering and Management, University of Sarajevo - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Sarajevo, BIH"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Engineering and Management, University of Sarajevo - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Sarajevo, BIH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104817121"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022670072","display_name":"Selma Zuki\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7263-0541","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7263-0541"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104817121","display_name":"University of Sarajevo","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwgd43","country_code":"BA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104817121"]}],"countries":["BA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Selma Zukic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dental Morphology, University of Sarajevo - Faculty of Dentistry With Dental Clinical Center, Sarajevo, BIH"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dental Morphology, University of Sarajevo - Faculty of Dentistry With Dental Clinical Center, Sarajevo, BIH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104817121"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049939534"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104817121"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.4502,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97353429,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"11","first_page":"e73028","last_page":"e73028"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.9711999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology (arts and humanities)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.9711999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology (arts and humanities)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.02669999934732914,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forensic-odontology","display_name":"forensic odontology","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-estimation","display_name":"gender prediction","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-estimation","display_name":"age estimation","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/panoramic-radiography","display_name":"panoramic radiography","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-networks","display_name":"convolutional neural networks","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individual-identification","display_name":"individual identification","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dental-radiographs","display_name":"dental radiographs","score":0.640999972820282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7774838805198669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7494534254074097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779847468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852143","display_name":"Endodontics","level":2,"score":0.6131650805473328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.5456363558769226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144374066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938196","display_name":"Periodontology","level":2,"score":0.4966891407966614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775857956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437164","display_name":"Forensic dentistry","level":2,"score":0.4439780116081238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29694066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118301","display_name":"Orthodontics","level":1,"score":0.4390193521976471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34380996227264404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.24530723690986633}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.7759/cureus.73028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.73028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.73028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738950867","display_name":"Cureus","issn_l":"2168-8184","issn":["2168-8184"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316779","host_organization_name":"Cureus, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cureus, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11618129","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11618129","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11618129/pdf/cureus-0016-00000073028.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:39640166","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39640166","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.7759/cureus.73028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.73028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.73028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738950867","display_name":"Cureus","issn_l":"2168-8184","issn":["2168-8184"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316779","host_organization_name":"Cureus, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cureus, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.7246000170707703,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404082463.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404082463.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2106326286","https://openalex.org/W2808559110","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2971176085","https://openalex.org/W2971355295","https://openalex.org/W2980045479","https://openalex.org/W2981223691","https://openalex.org/W3000473540","https://openalex.org/W3003562648","https://openalex.org/W3037391193","https://openalex.org/W3048393034","https://openalex.org/W3111642447","https://openalex.org/W3134183376","https://openalex.org/W3178603264","https://openalex.org/W3182169824","https://openalex.org/W3182609974","https://openalex.org/W3207526414","https://openalex.org/W4205376563","https://openalex.org/W4224308162","https://openalex.org/W4247765127","https://openalex.org/W4280570099","https://openalex.org/W4283384507","https://openalex.org/W4284887878","https://openalex.org/W4288428161","https://openalex.org/W4308119165","https://openalex.org/W4385699679","https://openalex.org/W4390664683","https://openalex.org/W4396695074","https://openalex.org/W4401585456"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7028992941","https://openalex.org/W4411373625","https://openalex.org/W4386325324","https://openalex.org/W7155099884","https://openalex.org/W4406813606","https://openalex.org/W4384406463","https://openalex.org/W7140286445","https://openalex.org/W4415831749","https://openalex.org/W4392025359","https://openalex.org/W2803469998"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"Determining":[1],"human":[2],"identity":[3],"has":[4,13],"always":[5],"been":[6],"important":[7,31],"in":[8,20,32,62,91,108,118,183,365],"forensic":[9,33,109,366],"investigations.":[10],"Forensic":[11],"dentistry":[12,34,367],"developed":[14,233,238,326],"significantly":[15],"having":[16],"a":[17,140],"key":[18],"role":[19],"determining":[21],"gender":[22,76,96,176,331,343,361],"and":[23,47,77,97,106,127,177,196,208,214,220,224,253,270,313,332,344,362,368,371,378],"age.":[24,78,178],"One":[25],"of":[26,38,43,57,75,87,95,121,139,145,152,155,159,194,300,342,376,380],"the":[27,36,44,51,58,73,85,93,119,150,153,162,184,192,237,251,254,263,271,281,290,303,308,314,325,374],"methods":[28],"that":[29,136,236,324],"is":[30,35],"analysis":[37,128],"orthopantomograms,":[39,102],"which":[40],"are":[41,115,137],"X-rays":[42],"complete":[45],"upper":[46],"lower":[48],"jaw,":[49],"including":[50],"surrounding":[52],"anatomical":[53],"structures.":[54],"The":[55,179,228,245,293],"uniqueness":[56],"dental":[59],"features":[60,135],"recorded":[61],"orthopantomograms":[63,147,180,336],"makes":[64],"them":[65],"useful":[66,358],"for":[67,72,124,174,191,205,211,217,222,330,360],"individual":[68],"identification,":[69],"more":[70],"specifically":[71],"assessment":[74,377],"This":[79,321],"study":[80],"was":[81],"conducted":[82],"to":[83,103,168,188,199,267,275],"evaluate":[84],"application":[86],"convolutional":[88,131,170,239,327,352],"neural":[89,113,171,240,328,353],"networks":[90,114,241,329,354],"automating":[92],"process":[94],"age":[98,258,261,333,346,363],"estimation":[99,334],"based":[100],"on":[101,280,289],"improve":[104],"accuracy":[105,288,297],"efficiency":[107],"dentistry.":[110],"Methodology":[111],"Convolutional":[112],"powerful":[116],"tools":[117,359],"field":[120],"artificial":[122],"intelligence":[123],"image":[125],"processing":[126],"because":[129],"their":[130],"layers":[132],"extract":[133],"specific":[134],"characteristic":[138],"certain":[141,260],"class.":[142],"A":[143],"total":[144],"3716":[146],"collected":[148],"from":[149,186,231,265,273,335],"database":[151],"University":[154],"Sarajevo":[156],"-":[157],"Faculty":[158],"Dentistry":[160],"with":[161,302],"Dental":[163,206],"Clinical":[164],"Center":[165],"were":[166,181],"used":[167],"create":[169],"network":[172],"models":[173,234,256,285,294],"predicting":[175],"taken":[182],"period":[185],"January":[187],"December":[189],"2022":[190],"needs":[193],"doctors":[195],"providing":[197],"services":[198],"patients":[200],"at":[201],"four":[202],"polyclinics:":[203],"Clinic":[204,210,216,221],"Diseases":[207,213],"Endodontics,":[209],"Oral":[212,218],"Periodontology,":[215],"Surgery,":[219],"Pediatric":[223],"Preventive":[225],"Dentistry.":[226],"Results":[227],"results":[229],"derived":[230],"three":[232],"confirm":[235],"have":[242],"high":[243,287,296,338],"accuracy.":[244,319,339,350],"first":[246,304],"model":[247,305,310,316],"estimated":[248,257],"gender,":[249],"while":[250],"second":[252,264,309],"third":[255,272,315],"within":[259],"ranges,":[262],"12":[266],"24":[268],"years,":[269],"20":[274],"70":[276],"years.":[277],"After":[278],"training":[279,282],"dataset,":[283],"all":[284],"achieved":[286],"validation":[291],"dataset.":[292],"demonstrated":[295],"without":[298],"signs":[299],"overfitting,":[301],"achieving":[306,311,317],"95.98%,":[307],"97.90%,":[312],"96.12%":[318],"Conclusion":[320],"research":[322],"concluded":[323],"showed":[337],"Models'":[340],"predictions":[341],"two":[345],"groups":[347],"exceeded":[348],"95%":[349],"Therefore,":[351],"can":[355,369],"be":[356],"considered":[357],"determination":[364,379],"facilitate":[370],"speed":[372],"up":[373],"processes":[375],"essential":[381],"characteristics.":[382]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2024-11-06T00:00:00"}
