{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403767256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16213968","title":"A Multi-Tiered Collaborative Network for Optical Remote Sensing Fine-Grained Ship Detection in Foggy Conditions","display_name":"A Multi-Tiered Collaborative Network for Optical Remote Sensing Fine-Grained Ship Detection in Foggy Conditions","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403767256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16213968"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16213968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16213968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16213968","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/21/3968/pdf?version=1729844626","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/21/3968/pdf?version=1729844626","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101821262","display_name":"Wenbo Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6464-6172","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6464-6172","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5787-1757","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3134-1236"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenbo Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Space Science Center, Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6464-6172","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100635697","display_name":"Ligang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0790-9669","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0790-9669"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ligang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Space Science Center, Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100712843","display_name":"Bo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-2384","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-2384"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Space Science Center, Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-2384","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011006550","display_name":"Yuan Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3827-371X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3827-371X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science & Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100091, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3827-371X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science & Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100091, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101544825","display_name":"Wei Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-594X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-594X","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8697-256X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Space Science Center, Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100635697"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3069},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3069},"fwci":0.5331,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57075118,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"21","first_page":"3968","last_page":"3968"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.01360000018030405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.0027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ship-detection","display_name":"ship detection","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fog","display_name":"fog","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-remote-sensing-images","display_name":"optical remote sensing images","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scconv","display_name":"SCConv","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightweight-object-detection","display_name":"lightweight object detection","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-detection","display_name":"real-time detection","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-contrast-images","display_name":"low-contrast images","score":0.7390000224113464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5924481153488159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5816094279289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.17388412356376648}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16213968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16213968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16213968","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/21/3968/pdf?version=1729844626","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5740d9a99d684712ae9629330b205ae1","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5740d9a99d684712ae9629330b205ae1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 21, p 3968 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16213968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16213968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16213968","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/21/3968/pdf?version=1729844626","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403767256.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403767256.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1483870316","https://openalex.org/W1597501978","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1990592195","https://openalex.org/W2002834872","https://openalex.org/W2003059629","https://openalex.org/W2097512404","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2128254161","https://openalex.org/W2151162785","https://openalex.org/W2156936307","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2442495293","https://openalex.org/W2509235963","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2617965156","https://openalex.org/W2626778328","https://openalex.org/W2659533854","https://openalex.org/W2748021867","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2899691262","https://openalex.org/W2907085048","https://openalex.org/W2919010068","https://openalex.org/W2955670325","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963928582","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2972279533","https://openalex.org/W2986357608","https://openalex.org/W2996741577","https://openalex.org/W3012816763","https://openalex.org/W3033131612","https://openalex.org/W3034552520","https://openalex.org/W3094108128","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3173018607","https://openalex.org/W3179888767","https://openalex.org/W3192459570","https://openalex.org/W3194765692","https://openalex.org/W3194925824","https://openalex.org/W4210287377","https://openalex.org/W4224130753","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4285119398","https://openalex.org/W4289203698","https://openalex.org/W4289860679","https://openalex.org/W4388160456","https://openalex.org/W4389104901","https://openalex.org/W4391485938","https://openalex.org/W4392699420","https://openalex.org/W6684392942","https://openalex.org/W6728708439","https://openalex.org/W6784670893"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4402516658","https://openalex.org/W4312331470","https://openalex.org/W4409034665","https://openalex.org/W7119120892","https://openalex.org/W4405740244","https://openalex.org/W2899691262","https://openalex.org/W7133227210","https://openalex.org/W4387857729","https://openalex.org/W7129084323","https://openalex.org/W4407627892"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ship":[0],"target":[1,35,45,50,73],"detection":[2,46,51,74,109,133,150,165,187],"faces":[3],"the":[4,13,22,31,39,88,108,114,139,157,160,182],"challenges":[5],"of":[6,16,24,28,33,43,57,110,125],"complex":[7,64],"and":[8,30,41,99,101,128,156],"changing":[9],"environments":[10],"combined":[11],"with":[12],"varied":[14],"characteristics":[15,36],"ship":[17,34,44,149,192],"targets.":[18],"In":[19,66,141],"practical":[20],"applications,":[21],"complexity":[23],"meteorological":[25],"conditions,":[26],"uncertainty":[27],"lighting,":[29],"diversity":[32],"can":[37],"affect":[38],"accuracy":[40,85],"efficiency":[42],"algorithms.":[47],"Most":[48],"existing":[49],"methods":[52],"perform":[53],"well":[54],"in":[55,63],"conditions":[56,78],"a":[58,69,94,145],"general":[59],"scenario":[60],"but":[61],"underperform":[62],"conditions.":[65],"this":[67],"study,":[68],"collaborative":[70,95],"network":[71],"for":[72,90,147,189],"under":[75],"foggy":[76,148,196],"weather":[77],"is":[79,174],"proposed,":[80],"aiming":[81],"to":[82,106,121,137,143,177],"achieve":[83],"improved":[84],"while":[86],"satisfying":[87],"need":[89],"real-time":[91],"detection.":[92],"First,":[93],"block":[96],"was":[97,119,151],"designed":[98],"SCConv":[100],"PCA":[102],"modules":[103],"were":[104,135],"introduced":[105],"enhance":[107,138],"low-quality":[111],"images.":[112],"Second,":[113],"PAN":[115],"+":[116],"FPN":[117],"structure":[118],"adopted":[120],"take":[122],"full":[123],"advantage":[124],"its":[126],"lightweight":[127],"efficient":[129],"features.":[130],"Finally,":[131],"four":[132],"heads":[134],"used":[136],"performance.":[140],"addition":[142],"this,":[144],"dataset":[146,161],"constructed":[152],"based":[153],"on":[154,159],"ShipRSImageNet,":[155],"mAP":[158],"reached":[162,167],"48.7%.":[163],"The":[164],"speed":[166],"33.3":[168],"frames":[169],"per":[170],"second":[171],"(FPS),":[172],"which":[173],"ultimately":[175],"comparable":[176],"YOLOF.":[178],"It":[179],"shows":[180],"that":[181],"model":[183],"proposed":[184],"has":[185],"good":[186],"effectiveness":[188],"remote":[190],"sensing":[191],"images":[193],"during":[194],"low-contrast":[195],"days.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2024-10-26T00:00:00"}