{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403713474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3861038","title":"Blockchain-Based Ecosystems for Digital Art: A Survey of NFT Technologies, Adoption Barriers, and Implementation Challenges","display_name":"Blockchain-Based Ecosystems for Digital Art: A Survey of NFT Technologies, Adoption Barriers, and Implementation Challenges","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403713474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3861038"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3861038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3861038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3861038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3861038","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114389186","display_name":"Ruiqiang Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruiqiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wollongong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9121-1629","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wollongong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072791093","display_name":"Brian Yecies","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9296-6651","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9296-6651"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Yecies","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wollongong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9296-6651","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wollongong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114389188","display_name":"Qin Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSIRO Eveleigh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2264-749X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO Eveleigh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043470959","display_name":"Shiping Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4603-0024","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4603-0024"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiping Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSIRO, Data61"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4603-0024","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO, Data61","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I42894916"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031318875","display_name":"Jun Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9403-7140","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9403-7140","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7746-5285","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9348-9324","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7826-5875"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wollongong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9403-7140","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wollongong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.9723,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96228829,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13913","display_name":"Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14002","display_name":"Art, Technology, and Culture","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-fungible-tokens","display_name":"non-fungible tokens","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-artists","display_name":"visual artists","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"blockchain","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-art","display_name":"digital art","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nft-marketplaces","display_name":"NFT marketplaces","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nft-minting","display_name":"NFT minting","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wash-trading","display_name":"wash trading","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybersecurity","display_name":"cybersecurity","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copyright","display_name":"copyright","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contracts","display_name":"smart contracts","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-wallets","display_name":"digital wallets","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nft-pricing","display_name":"NFT pricing","score":0.7210000157356262}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.46484866738319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3963761627674103}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3861038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3861038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3861038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2409.11790","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2409.11790","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2409.11790","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2409.11790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2409.11790","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2409.11790","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3861038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3861038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3861038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403713474.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403713474.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7117702904","https://openalex.org/W7217365306","https://openalex.org/W6980515469","https://openalex.org/W4412016521","https://openalex.org/W6982397602","https://openalex.org/W4402412192","https://openalex.org/W7217927904","https://openalex.org/W4226269321","https://openalex.org/W4313839872","https://openalex.org/W4285133588"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"examines":[2],"the":[3,13,176,194,203],"transformative":[4],"impact":[5],"of":[6,60,71,175,193],"blockchain":[7,64,119],"technology":[8],"and":[9,28,52,87,113,136,153,163,172,191],"non-fungible":[10],"tokens":[11],"on":[12,63,98],"visual":[14,45],"arts":[15],"sector.":[16],"We":[17,66],"explore":[18],"how":[19,38,75],"NFT":[20,72,205],"innovations":[21],"are":[22],"reshaping":[23],"digital":[24,58,130,164],"art":[25,141,151,204],"creation,":[26],"distribution,":[27],"monetization":[29],"through":[30],"a":[31],"thorough":[32],"literature":[33],"review.":[34],"The":[35,179],"study":[36,180],"investigates":[37],"NFTs":[39,145],"address":[40],"traditional":[41],"challenges":[42,166],"faced":[43],"by":[44,55],"artists,":[46],"including":[47,107,188],"ownership":[48],"verification,":[49],"fair":[50],"compensation,":[51],"intermediary":[53],"dependencies,":[54],"providing":[56],"unique":[57],"certificates":[59],"authenticity":[61],"stored":[62],"networks.":[65],"examine":[67],"key":[68],"socio-cultural":[69],"aspects":[70],"adoption,":[73,106],"showing":[74],"artists":[76,127],"use":[77],"decentralized":[78],"marketplaces":[79],"to":[80,104,117],"connect":[81],"with":[82,128,182],"collectors,":[83],"retain":[84],"more":[85,200],"revenue,":[86],"earn":[88],"recurring":[89],"royalties":[90],"via":[91],"smart":[92,111],"contracts.":[93],"However,":[94],"our":[95],"systematic":[96],"analysis":[97],"existing":[99],"studies":[100],"reveals":[101],"significant":[102],"barriers":[103,125],"widespread":[105],"security":[108],"vulnerabilities":[109],"in":[110,155],"contracts":[112],"privacy":[114],"concerns":[115],"related":[116],"transparent":[118],"ledgers.":[120],"Critically,":[121],"we":[122],"identify":[123],"socio-economic":[124],"for":[126,149,169,185],"lower":[129],"literacy,":[131],"whose":[132],"steep":[133],"learning":[134],"curves":[135],"market":[137],"unfamiliarity":[138],"risk":[139],"reinforcing":[140],"world":[142],"inequalities.":[143],"While":[144],"demonstrate":[146],"considerable":[147],"potential":[148,192],"democratizing":[150],"creation":[152],"trading":[154],"Web3":[156],"environments,":[157],"addressing":[158],"security,":[159],"privacy,":[160],"scalability,":[161],"interoperability,":[162],"inclusion":[165],"remains":[167],"essential":[168],"achieving":[170],"equitable":[171],"sustainable":[173],"transformation":[174],"creative":[177],"industries.":[178],"concludes":[181],"topical":[183],"suggestions":[184],"future":[186],"research,":[187],"user":[189],"experiences":[190],"remix":[195],"paradigm,":[196],"which":[197],"is":[198],"attracting":[199],"attention":[201],"from":[202],"community.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2024-10-25T00:00:00"}