{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403674541","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3484995","title":"A Novel Method for Code Clone Detection Based on Minimally Random Kernel Convolutional Transform","display_name":"A Novel Method for Code Clone Detection Based on Minimally Random Kernel Convolutional Transform","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403674541","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3484995"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3484995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3484995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3484995","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3484995","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081444853","display_name":"Mostefai Abdelkader","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-331X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-331X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148060","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Saida Dr Moulay Tahar","ror":"https://ror.org/03mwqca46","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148060"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mostefai Abdelkader","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Saida Dr. Moulay Tahar, Sa\u00efda, Algeria","Dr Moulay Tahar university of Saida, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-331X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Saida Dr. Moulay Tahar, Sa\u00efda, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148060"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dr Moulay Tahar university of Saida, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148060"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081444853"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148060"],"apc_list":{"value":1995,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1995},"apc_paid":{"value":1995,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1995},"fwci":0.7725,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73308171,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"158579","last_page":"158596"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-clone-detection","display_name":"code clone detection","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minirocket","display_name":"MiniRocket","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code-representation","display_name":"source code representation","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series-representation","display_name":"time series representation","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xgboost","display_name":"XGBoost","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bigclonebench","display_name":"BigCloneBench","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-maintenance","display_name":"software maintenance","score":0.3779999911785126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.7399595379829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.73927903175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157899210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395022","display_name":"Convolutional code","level":3,"score":0.49575909972190857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.46768099069595337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81089528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5134986","display_name":"clone (Java method)","level":3,"score":0.44349661469459534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41901981830596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40594425797462463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2904670238494873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17657753825187683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.10384652018547058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09243631362915039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.06907150149345398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552990157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430","display_name":"DNA","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3484995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3484995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3484995","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:315923951c3c44928a9ba3effaef41f5","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/315923951c3c44928a9ba3effaef41f5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 158579-158596 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3484995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3484995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3484995","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1698439592","https://openalex.org/W2002046433","https://openalex.org/W2109943392","https://openalex.org/W2115534035","https://openalex.org/W2119887272","https://openalex.org/W2121412398","https://openalex.org/W2121898992","https://openalex.org/W2128888088","https://openalex.org/W2153887189","https://openalex.org/W2157532207","https://openalex.org/W2158439356","https://openalex.org/W2165739648","https://openalex.org/W2298313545","https://openalex.org/W2334699878","https://openalex.org/W2511803001","https://openalex.org/W2555077524","https://openalex.org/W2795143051","https://openalex.org/W2899135722","https://openalex.org/W2943808998","https://openalex.org/W2945440850","https://openalex.org/W2955426500","https://openalex.org/W2972009176","https://openalex.org/W2973171853","https://openalex.org/W2982438846","https://openalex.org/W3000135256","https://openalex.org/W3014339000","https://openalex.org/W3043078865","https://openalex.org/W3112330479","https://openalex.org/W3162962341","https://openalex.org/W3174312067","https://openalex.org/W3193626673","https://openalex.org/W4248027902","https://openalex.org/W4248123122","https://openalex.org/W4292963524","https://openalex.org/W4301168982","https://openalex.org/W4319451764","https://openalex.org/W4383215759","https://openalex.org/W4384345648","https://openalex.org/W4394709796","https://openalex.org/W4394745980","https://openalex.org/W4394957446","https://openalex.org/W4396782289","https://openalex.org/W6681648988"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7135388281","https://openalex.org/W4406320569","https://openalex.org/W4408100292","https://openalex.org/W4386365979","https://openalex.org/W2138756793","https://openalex.org/W1970641027","https://openalex.org/W4405215002","https://openalex.org/W2967758098","https://openalex.org/W4396542920","https://openalex.org/W7213889702"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Effectively":[0],"detecting":[1,171,199,212],"code":[2,29,90,142],"clones":[3,201,239],"is":[4,35,125,134],"essential":[5],"for":[6,30,170],"maintaining":[7],"and":[8,68,121,156,168,178,202,237],"evolving":[9],"software":[10,45],"systems.":[11],"This":[12,131],"paper":[13],"introduces":[14],"a":[15,123],"novel":[16],"approach":[17,148],"that":[18,186,225],"leverages":[19],"minimally":[20],"random":[21],"kernel":[22],"convolutional":[23],"transform":[24],"(MiniRocket)":[25],"to":[26,36,57,114,137,158,229],"represent":[27],"source":[28],"clone":[31,80,116,222],"detection.":[32,81,240],"Our":[33],"objective":[34],"explore":[37],"the":[38,48,51,60,77,152,189,192,204,207,216],"applicability":[39],"of":[40,53,62,79,206],"this":[41,128],"cross-domain":[42],"representation":[43],"within":[44],"engineering.":[46],"Specifically,":[47],"study":[49],"examines":[50],"combination":[52],"kernels":[54],"designed":[55],"according":[56,113],"MiniRocket":[58],"rules,":[59],"Proportion":[61],"Positive":[63],"Values":[64],"pooling":[65],"operator":[66],"(PPV),":[67],"advanced":[69],"classifiers":[70],"such":[71],"as":[72,104],"XGBoost,":[73],"Random":[74],"Forest":[75],"in":[76,198,211,235],"context":[78],"The":[82,146,182],"proposed":[83,147],"method":[84],"comprises":[85],"three":[86],"key":[87],"steps:":[88],"first,":[89],"pairs":[91],"are":[92,102,144],"transformed":[93],"into":[94],"time":[95,100],"series":[96,101],"data;":[97],"second,":[98],"these":[99,196],"represented":[103],"feature":[105],"vectors":[106],"using":[107],"MiniRocket,":[108],"with":[109,191,231],"each":[110],"vector":[111],"labeled":[112,129],"its":[115],"status":[117],"(clone":[118],"or":[119],"non-clone);":[120],"third,":[122],"classifier":[124,133],"trained":[126,132],"on":[127,151],"dataset.":[130],"then":[135],"utilized":[136],"determine":[138],"whether":[139],"two":[140],"new":[141],"fragments":[143],"clones.":[145,181,214],"was":[149,227],"evaluated":[150],"well-known":[153],"BigCloneBench":[154],"dataset":[155],"compared":[157],"seven":[159],"state-of-the-art":[160],"tools:":[161],"SourcererCC,":[162],"NIL,":[163],"Code2Vec,":[164],"ASTNN,":[165],"FA-AST,":[166],"RtvNN,":[167],"TAILOR,":[169,210,230],"Type":[172,174,176,179],"I,":[173],"II,":[175],"III,":[177],"IV":[180],"empirical":[183],"results":[184],"indicate":[185],"CCDMR,":[187],"especially":[188],"CCDMR":[190,226],"XGBoost":[193],"variant,":[194],"outperformed":[195],"methods":[197],"MT3":[200,238],"matched":[203],"performance":[205,234],"leading":[208],"tool,":[209],"ST3":[213,236],"Overall,":[215],"average":[217],"F1":[218],"score":[219],"across":[220],"all":[221],"types":[223],"demonstrated":[224],"comparable":[228],"particularly":[232],"strong":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2024-10-24T00:00:00"}