{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403537896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.16.24315614","title":"The Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) for Everyone controlled before-and-after (CBA) trial: trial protocol and baseline results","display_name":"The Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) for Everyone controlled before-and-after (CBA) trial: trial protocol and baseline results","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403537896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.16.24315614"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1101/2024.10.16.24315614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.16.24315614","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.16.24315614","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.16.24315614","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091020921","display_name":"Kondwani Chidziwisano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1755-0469","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1755-0469"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482734","display_name":"Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05vatjr87","country_code":"MW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388482734"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kondwani Chidziwisano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1755-0469","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482734"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030203540","display_name":"Mindy Panulo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0241-0180","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0241-0180"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482734","display_name":"Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05vatjr87","country_code":"MW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388482734"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mindy Panulo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0241-0180","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482734"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054279632","display_name":"Clara MacLeod","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6952-9103","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6952-9103"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clara MacLeod","raw_affiliation_strings":["London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114320846","display_name":"Marcella Vignieri","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcella Vignieri","raw_affiliation_strings":["London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Blessings White","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482734","display_name":"Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05vatjr87","country_code":"MW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388482734"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Blessings White","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482734"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012729289","display_name":"Ian Ross","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2218-5400","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2218-5400"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Ross","raw_affiliation_strings":["London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027621258","display_name":"Tracy Morse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4185-9471","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4185-9471"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tracy Morse","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Strathclyde"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4185-9471","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Strathclyde","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026023540","display_name":"Robert Dreibelbis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9716-0419","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9716-0419"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Dreibelbis","raw_affiliation_strings":["London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9716-0419","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091020921"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482734"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10596","display_name":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10596","display_name":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14232","display_name":"Water Resource Management and Quality","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11781","display_name":"Wastewater Treatment and Reuse","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wash","display_name":"water, sanitation and hygiene","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-led-total-sanitation","display_name":"community-led total sanitation","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/care-groups","display_name":"care groups","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behaviour-change-interventions","display_name":"behaviour change interventions","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sanitation-coverage","display_name":"sanitation coverage","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwashing","display_name":"hand washing","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwashing-facilities","display_name":"handwashing facilities","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-villages","display_name":"rural villages","score":0.675000011920929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.8429113626480103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780151969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949149","display_name":"Sanitation","level":2,"score":0.8322491645812988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547646559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162297","display_name":"Hygiene","level":2,"score":0.7680197954177856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.7323554158210754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.4567514657974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.4045412242412567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4021846055984497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2286551594734192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.19795528054237366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.16179612278938293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1101/2024.10.16.24315614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.16.24315614","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.16.24315614","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1101/2024.10.16.24315614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.16.24315614","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.16.24315614","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9907000064849854},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.9090999960899353},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.4000000059604645}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1570294693","https://openalex.org/W1719706607","https://openalex.org/W2102709016","https://openalex.org/W2121051375","https://openalex.org/W2122748548","https://openalex.org/W2202527252","https://openalex.org/W2396233551","https://openalex.org/W2489134109","https://openalex.org/W2533411808","https://openalex.org/W2583048924","https://openalex.org/W2612477836","https://openalex.org/W2625006781","https://openalex.org/W2755111086","https://openalex.org/W2792843465","https://openalex.org/W2889310888","https://openalex.org/W2897529890","https://openalex.org/W2904514424","https://openalex.org/W2924095482","https://openalex.org/W2947347918","https://openalex.org/W2952916049","https://openalex.org/W2990057599","https://openalex.org/W2990451699","https://openalex.org/W3015805446","https://openalex.org/W3085128580","https://openalex.org/W3092018343","https://openalex.org/W3096843994","https://openalex.org/W3124302757","https://openalex.org/W3184717725","https://openalex.org/W4200120701","https://openalex.org/W4281701120","https://openalex.org/W4328142846","https://openalex.org/W4386408655","https://openalex.org/W4391641063","https://openalex.org/W4399354649","https://openalex.org/W4401990528"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4408957648","https://openalex.org/W4414698995","https://openalex.org/W4411259904","https://openalex.org/W7165555287","https://openalex.org/W7133128877","https://openalex.org/W2614641489","https://openalex.org/W3208948251","https://openalex.org/W7055466145","https://openalex.org/W7099543145","https://openalex.org/W3123064693"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Community-based":[1],"behaviour":[2],"change":[3],"interventions":[4,21],"are":[5,26,88],"a":[6,38,44,75,84,168,208,252,271],"common":[7],"approach":[8],"to":[9,52,136,139,161,293],"Water,":[10],"Sanitation,":[11],"and":[12,34,63,65,83,100,110,176,198,213,227,240,245,260],"Hygiene":[13],"(WASH).":[14],"Yet,":[15],"published":[16,295],"evaluations":[17],"of":[18,43,56,121,170,192,201,222,274],"how":[19],"these":[20],"work":[22],"in":[23,68,91,229,257,278,296],"district-wide":[24],"approaches":[25],"rare.":[27],"This":[28,72],"study":[29,35,73,265],"reports":[30],"the":[31,41,53,101,114,122,143,153,231,264,279],"baseline":[32,175,268],"characteristics":[33],"design":[36],"for":[37,125,211],"trial":[39,78,118,280,283],"assessing":[40],"effectiveness":[42],"district-level":[45],"Community-led":[46],"Total":[47],"Sanitation":[48],"(CLTS)":[49],"intervention":[50,284],"compared":[51],"additional":[54],"integration":[55],"local":[57],"Care":[58,102,241],"Groups":[59,242],"on":[60],"sanitation":[61,182,188,261],"coverage":[62,221,262],"use":[64],"hygiene":[66],"behaviours":[67],"Chiradzulu":[69],"District,":[70],"Malawi.":[71],"is":[74,119,181,285,291],"controlled":[76],"before-and-after":[77],"with":[79,167,225],"two":[80],"treatment":[81],"arms":[82,233],"control":[85,115,246],"group.":[86,116],"Clusters":[87],"rural":[89],"villages":[90],"three":[92,154,232],"Traditional":[93],"Authorities":[94],"(TAs).":[95],"One":[96],"arm":[97,106],"receives":[98,107],"CLTS":[99,108,235,239],"Group":[103],"Model,":[104],"one":[105,111],"only,":[109],"serves":[112],"as":[113],"The":[117,178,267,282,288],"part":[120],"wider":[123],"WASH":[124,140],"Everyone":[126],"(W4E)":[127],"project,":[128],"led":[129],"by":[130,146],"World":[131],"Vision":[132],"Malawi":[133],"which":[134],"aims":[135],"expand":[137],"access":[138],"services":[141],"across":[142],"entire":[144],"district":[145],"2025.":[147,297],"Study":[148],"participants":[149],"were":[150,159],"selected":[151],"from":[152],"TAs.":[155],"Systematic":[156],"sampling":[157],"procedures":[158],"used":[160],"select":[162],"20":[163],"households":[164,172],"per":[165],"cluster":[166],"total":[169],"1,400":[171],"at":[173],"both":[174],"endline.":[177],"primary":[179,212],"outcome":[180,185],"coverage.":[183],"Secondary":[184],"measures":[186],"include":[187],"use,":[189],"safe":[190],"disposal":[191],"child":[193],"faeces,":[194],"observed":[195],"handwashing":[196,223,258],"facility,":[197],"Sanitation-related":[199],"Quality":[200],"Life":[202],"index":[203],"(SanQoL-5).":[204],"Baseline":[205],"results":[206],"show":[207],"no":[209],"difference":[210],"secondary":[214],"outcomes":[215],"between":[216],"arms.":[217,266,281],"We":[218],"noted":[219],"low":[220],"facilities":[224],"soap":[226],"water":[228],"all":[230],"(i.e.,":[234],"only":[236],"=":[237,243,247],"7%;":[238],"4%;":[244],"10%).":[248],"Further,":[249],"there":[250],"was":[251],"slight":[253],"variation":[254],"(p=":[255],"0.08)":[256],"practice":[259],"among":[263],"observations":[269],"indicate":[270],"balanced":[272],"distribution":[273],"potential":[275],"demographic":[276],"confounders":[277],"under":[286],"implementation.":[287],"evaluation":[289],"report":[290],"expected":[292],"be":[294]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2024-10-19T00:00:00"}