{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403344844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2410.06385","title":"Skin Cancer Machine Learning Model Tone Bias","display_name":"Skin Cancer Machine Learning Model Tone Bias","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403344844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2410.06385"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2410.06385","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2410.06385","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.06385","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.06385","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Pope, James","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pope, James","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bristol , Intelligent Systems Laboratory , Bristol , United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bristol , Intelligent Systems Laboratory , Bristol , United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064050363","display_name":"Md Hassanuzzaman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4751-3773","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4751-3773"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassanuzzaman, Md","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bristol , Intelligent Systems Laboratory , Bristol , United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bristol , Intelligent Systems Laboratory , Bristol , United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chapman, William","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chapman, William","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jean Golding Institute , University of Bristol , United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jean Golding Institute , University of Bristol , United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Day, Huw","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Day, Huw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jean Golding Institute , University of Bristol , United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jean Golding Institute , University of Bristol , United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123478141","display_name":"Mingmar Sherpa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8915-9152","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8915-9152"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sherpa, Mingmar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Department of Biology , Cambridge , United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Department of Biology , Cambridge , United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109818856","display_name":"Omar Emara","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emara, Omar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bristol , Intelligent Systems Laboratory , Bristol , United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bristol , Intelligent Systems Laboratory , Bristol , United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Adhikari, Nirmala","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adhikari, Nirmala","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alabama at Birmingham , Department of Physics , Birmingham , Alabama , United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alabama at Birmingham , Department of Physics , Birmingham , Alabama , United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085125335","display_name":"Ayush Joshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-139X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-139X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshi, Ayush","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bristol , Intelligent Systems Laboratory , Bristol , United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bristol , Intelligent Systems Laboratory , Bristol , United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.49630001187324524,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.49630001187324524,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.39719998836517334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.014700000174343586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skin-cancer-detection","display_name":"skin cancer detection","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skin-tone-bias","display_name":"skin tone bias","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-fairness","display_name":"algorithmic fairness","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isic-archive","display_name":"ISIC archive","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indirect-discrimination","display_name":"indirect discrimination","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-convolutional-neural-networks","display_name":"deep convolutional neural networks","score":0.7049999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780583480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366327","display_name":"Tone (literature)","level":2,"score":0.7398945689201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.5232290625572205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4811221659183502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4256201684474945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3877534866333008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.19729387760162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.08454671502113342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.07453742623329163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2410.06385","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2410.06385","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.06385","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2410.06385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2410.06385","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2410.06385","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2410.06385","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2410.06385","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.06385","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8048999905586243},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320360","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403344844.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403344844.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2014352947","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2346705140","https://openalex.org/W2949676527","https://openalex.org/W2956571743","https://openalex.org/W2970971581","https://openalex.org/W3025011581","https://openalex.org/W3159814022","https://openalex.org/W3212197959","https://openalex.org/W3212538456","https://openalex.org/W4391144431","https://openalex.org/W4402226466","https://openalex.org/W4413458734","https://openalex.org/W6926459363"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7203450413","https://openalex.org/W7155563550","https://openalex.org/W7140209648","https://openalex.org/W7169844779","https://openalex.org/W4403211221","https://openalex.org/W4367281811","https://openalex.org/W4413561305","https://openalex.org/W4411098913","https://openalex.org/W7082448947","https://openalex.org/W7134807102"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Many":[1],"open-source":[2],"skin":[3,18,37,41,150,239,247],"cancer":[4,38,248],"image":[5],"datasets":[6,31,115],"are":[7,116],"the":[8,58,71,104,128,137,154,160,180,186,208,215,225,232,267,270,281],"result":[9],"of":[10,68,177,205,228,269,288],"clinical":[11],"trials":[12],"conducted":[13],"in":[14,46,57,169,173,196,219,283],"countries":[15],"with":[16,201,236],"lighter":[17,40,170,197],"tones.":[19,42],"Due":[20],"to":[21,111,118,126,146,213,238,277],"this":[22],"tone":[23,44,80,87,95,171,254,263],"imbalance,":[24],"machine":[25,249],"learning":[26,250],"models":[27,48,102,251],"derived":[28],"from":[29,70],"these":[30,47,284],"can":[32,252],"perform":[33],"well":[34,223],"at":[35,165,192],"detecting":[36,166,193],"for":[39],"Any":[43],"bias":[45,282],"could":[49,91],"introduce":[50],"fairness":[51],"concerns":[52],"and":[53,107,279],"reduce":[54],"public":[55],"trust":[56],"artificial":[59],"intelligence":[60],"health":[61],"field.":[62],"Methods:":[63],"We":[64,134],"examine":[65],"a":[66,85,93,108,120,174,202,220],"subset":[67,83],"images":[69,129,168,195],"International":[72],"Skin":[73],"Imaging":[74],"Collaboration":[75],"(ISIC)":[76],"archive":[77],"that":[78,159,185,245,260],"provide":[79,258],"information.":[81],"The":[82,114,242],"has":[84],"significant":[86],"imbalance.":[88],"These":[89,256],"imbalances":[90],"explain":[92],"model's":[94],"bias.":[96,271],"To":[97],"address":[98,280],"this,":[99],"we":[100,157,183],"train":[101,119,214],"using":[103],"imbalanced":[105,155,209],"dataset":[106,110,212],"balanced":[109,181,211],"compare":[112],"against.":[113],"used":[117],"deep":[121],"convolutional":[122],"neural":[123],"network":[124],"model":[125,161,187,216,233],"classify":[127],"as":[130],"malignant":[131,167,194],"or":[132,148,210,262],"benign.":[133],"then":[135],"evaluate":[136],"models'":[138],"disparate":[139,175,203,221],"impact,":[140],"based":[141],"on":[142],"selection":[143],"rate,":[144],"relative":[145],"dark":[147],"light":[149],"tone.":[151,240],"Results:":[152],"Using":[153,179,207],"dataset,":[156,182],"found":[158,184],"is":[162,188,234,265],"significantly":[163,190],"better":[164,191],"resulting":[172],"impact":[176,204,222],"0.577.":[178],"also":[189],"versus":[198],"darker":[199],"tones":[200],"0.684.":[206],"still":[217],"results":[218,243,257],"below":[224],"standard":[226],"threshold":[227],"0.80":[229],"which":[230],"suggests":[231],"biased":[235],"respect":[237],"Conclusion:":[241],"show":[244],"typical":[246],"be":[253,275],"biased.":[255],"evidence":[259],"diagnosis":[261],"imbalance":[264],"not":[266],"cause":[268],"Other":[272],"techniques":[273],"will":[274],"necessary":[276],"identify":[278],"models,":[285],"an":[286],"area":[287],"future":[289],"investigation.":[290]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2024-10-12T00:00:00"}
