{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403302000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209191","title":"A Numerical Evaluation for Estimating the Consequences on Users and Rescue Teams Due to the Fire of an Electric Bus in a Road Tunnel","display_name":"A Numerical Evaluation for Estimating the Consequences on Users and Rescue Teams Due to the Fire of an Electric Bus in a Road Tunnel","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403302000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209191"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app14209191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209191","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209191","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209191","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076517938","display_name":"Ciro Caliendo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3577-1687","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3577-1687"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ciro Caliendo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3577-1687","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036460899","display_name":"Isidoro Russo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7054-5896","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7054-5896"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isidoro Russo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7054-5896","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005339897","display_name":"Gianluca Genovese","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2550-2544","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2550-2544"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gianluca Genovese","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2550-2544","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076517938"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2728},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2728},"fwci":1.4131,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80240255,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"20","first_page":"9191","last_page":"9191"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11317","display_name":"Fire dynamics and safety research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11317","display_name":"Fire dynamics and safety research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11371","display_name":"Wind and Air Flow Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/road-tunnel-fire","display_name":"road tunnel fire","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toxic-gas-concentration","display_name":"toxic gas concentration","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tunnel-ventilation","display_name":"tunnel ventilation","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-congestion","display_name":"traffic congestion","score":0.6510000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4182095527648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3670380711555481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.3602650761604309}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app14209191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209191","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209191","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1d8498cd10a2470ead5c46e351935764","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1d8498cd10a2470ead5c46e351935764","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences, Vol 14, Iss 20, p 9191 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app14209191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209191","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209191","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8787999749183655},{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5690000057220459},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4943999946117401}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W248315653","https://openalex.org/W1975752698","https://openalex.org/W1977712288","https://openalex.org/W2014196655","https://openalex.org/W2064103265","https://openalex.org/W2081023024","https://openalex.org/W2268343928","https://openalex.org/W2381871526","https://openalex.org/W2745830303","https://openalex.org/W2791828734","https://openalex.org/W2896742990","https://openalex.org/W2972916696","https://openalex.org/W2999074658","https://openalex.org/W2999837629","https://openalex.org/W3209207166","https://openalex.org/W4200186472","https://openalex.org/W4308499550","https://openalex.org/W4311562893","https://openalex.org/W4318823206","https://openalex.org/W4378190946","https://openalex.org/W4379013023","https://openalex.org/W4382323107","https://openalex.org/W4389580621","https://openalex.org/W4393334447","https://openalex.org/W4394770106","https://openalex.org/W4399046057","https://openalex.org/W4399575274"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4412820304","https://openalex.org/W7038373333","https://openalex.org/W7221392920","https://openalex.org/W4382323107","https://openalex.org/W7223351326","https://openalex.org/W4318823206","https://openalex.org/W4308499550","https://openalex.org/W7135220894","https://openalex.org/W7204526730","https://openalex.org/W7117783143"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"E-mobility":[0],"is":[1],"progressively":[2],"penetrating":[3],"the":[4,8,24,36,69,105,113,139,142,153,166,173,176,182,192,211,214,224,228,242,246,250,254,262,267,278,282],"European":[5],"market":[6],"with":[7,58,81,138],"ever-increasing":[9],"registration":[10],"of":[11,26,38,56,71,115,141,144,171,175,184,196,213,219,233,245,252,264,281],"new":[12,32],"battery":[13,40,74],"electric":[14,75],"vehicles":[15],"(BEVs).":[16],"Although":[17],"BEVs":[18,57],"can":[19],"significantly":[20],"contribute":[21],"to":[22,35,102,112,217,272],"achieving":[23],"goal":[25],"sustainable":[27],"road":[28,49,127],"transport,":[29],"they":[30],"pose":[31,111],"challenges":[33],"related":[34],"complexity":[37],"managing":[39],"fire":[41,123,143,187,212,269],"events,":[42],"especially":[43,230],"in":[44,124,181,231,241,261,277],"confined":[45],"spaces":[46],"such":[47],"as":[48,199,201],"tunnels.":[50],"In":[51,91,129],"this":[52,92,130],"regard,":[53],"while":[54],"fires":[55,72],"small-sized":[59],"batteries":[60],"(i.e.,":[61],"cars":[62],"and":[63,117,169,178,256],"vans)":[64],"have":[65,85],"been":[66,88],"widely":[67],"studied,":[68],"consequences":[70,140],"involving":[73],"buses":[76],"(BEBs),":[77],"which":[78],"are":[79],"equipped":[80],"larger-capacity":[82],"traction":[83],"batteries,":[84],"not":[86],"yet":[87],"sufficiently":[89],"investigated.":[90],"context,":[93],"3D":[94],"computational":[95],"fluid":[96],"dynamics":[97],"(CFD)":[98],"simulations":[99],"were":[100],"performed":[101],"quantitatively":[103],"assess":[104],"threat":[106],"that":[107,210,218],"a":[108,125,132,145,157,185,239,274],"BEB":[109,186,268],"might":[110],"safety":[114,174,243,279],"users":[116,177,247],"rescue":[118,179,283],"teams":[119,180],"when":[120,248],"it":[121],"catches":[122],"bi-directional":[126],"tunnel.":[128,259],"respect,":[131],"comparison":[133],"was":[134,188,270],"also":[135],"carried":[136],"out":[137],"similar":[146],"internal":[147],"combustion":[148],"engine":[149],"bus":[150],"(ICEB).":[151],"Since":[152],"environmental":[154,225],"conditions":[155,195,226],"inside":[156,227],"tunnel,":[158,229],"apart":[159],"from":[160],"its":[161,220],"geometry,":[162],"depend":[163],"on":[164],"both":[165,253],"traffic":[167],"flow":[168],"type":[170],"ventilation,":[172,266],"event":[183],"evaluated":[189],"by":[190],"considering":[191,249],"tunnel":[193],"under":[194],"congested":[197],"traffic,":[198],"well":[200],"natural":[202,265],"or":[203],"longitudinal":[204],"mechanical":[205],"ventilation.":[206],"The":[207],"results":[208],"showed":[209],"BEB,":[215],"compared":[216],"ICEB":[221],"counterpart,":[222],"worsened":[223],"terms":[232],"toxic":[234],"gas":[235],"concentrations.":[236],"This":[237],"caused":[238],"reduction":[240,276],"level":[244,280],"scenarios":[251],"naturally":[255],"mechanically":[257],"ventilated":[258],"Moreover,":[260],"case":[263],"found":[271],"cause":[273],"higher":[275],"teams.":[284]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2024-10-11T00:00:00"}