{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403013334","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105224","title":"How small green spaces cool urban neighbourhoods: Optimising distribution, size and shape","display_name":"How small green spaces cool urban neighbourhoods: Optimising distribution, size and shape","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403013334","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105224"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105224","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105224","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104597489","display_name":"Landscape and Urban Planning","issn_l":"0169-2046","issn":["0169-2046","1872-6062"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Landscape and Urban Planning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105224","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039753620","display_name":"Yehan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4063-7535","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4063-7535"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I913481162","display_name":"Wageningen University & Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04qw24q55","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913481162"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yehan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I913481162"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012541008","display_name":"Agn\u00e8s Patuano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1888-855X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1888-855X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I913481162","display_name":"Wageningen University & Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04qw24q55","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913481162"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agn\u00e8s Patuano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I913481162"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024006900","display_name":"Bardia Mashhoodi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7037-3932","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7037-3932"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I913481162","display_name":"Wageningen University & Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04qw24q55","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913481162"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bardia Mashhoodi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I913481162"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026995476","display_name":"Sanda Lenzholzer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5417-1804","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5417-1804"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I913481162","display_name":"Wageningen University & Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04qw24q55","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913481162"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanda Lenzholzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I913481162"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092304828","display_name":"Andy Acred","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123946","display_name":"Foster and Partners (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wf15744","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123946"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andy Acred","raw_affiliation_strings":["Foster + Partners, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Foster + Partners, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035526463","display_name":"Laura Narvaez Zertuche","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1942-6824","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1942-6824"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123946","display_name":"Foster and Partners (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wf15744","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123946"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Narvaez Zertuche","raw_affiliation_strings":["Foster + Partners, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Foster + Partners, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039753620"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I913481162"],"apc_list":{"value":3120,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3120},"apc_paid":{"value":3120,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3120},"fwci":7.9496,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98993689,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"253","issue":null,"first_page":"105224","last_page":"105224"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10692","display_name":"Urban Green Space and Health","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13801","display_name":"Urban Arborization and Environmental Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-cooling","display_name":"urban cooling","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-heat-island","display_name":"urban heat island","score":0.45899999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-distribution-of-green-space","display_name":"green space distribution","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physiological-equivalent-temperature","display_name":"physiological equivalent temperature","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-comfort","display_name":"thermal comfort","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neighborhood-typology","display_name":"neighborhood typology","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/envi-met-simulation","display_name":"ENVI-met simulation","score":0.8119999766349792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5275694131851196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4603090286254883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3647727072238922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19449758529663086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.06089696288108826}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105224","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105224","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104597489","display_name":"Landscape and Urban Planning","issn_l":"0169-2046","issn":["0169-2046","1872-6062"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Landscape and Urban Planning","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:gala.gre.ac.uk:50025","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7037-3932","pdf_url":"https://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/50025/7/50025%20MASHHOODI_How_Small_Green_Spaces_Cool_Urban_Neighbourhoods_Optimising_Distribution_Size_And_Shape_%28OA%29_2025.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401244","display_name":"Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I55060895","host_organization_name":"University of Greenwich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/635171","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/how-small-green-spaces-cool-urban-neighbourhoods-optimising-distr","pdf_url":"https://edepot.wur.nl/675003","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201231","display_name":"Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling","issn_l":"2663-3027","issn":["2663-3027"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 0169-2046","raw_type":"Article/Letter to editor"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105224","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105224","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104597489","display_name":"Landscape and Urban Planning","issn_l":"0169-2046","issn":["0169-2046","1872-6062"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Landscape and Urban Planning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5351999998092651}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G434337789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HORIZON2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5200041647","display_name":"Solutions for outdoor climate adaptation","funder_award_id":"861119","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403013334.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403013334.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1598953555","https://openalex.org/W1936713670","https://openalex.org/W1966150384","https://openalex.org/W1968163062","https://openalex.org/W1979224909","https://openalex.org/W1991776813","https://openalex.org/W2001323582","https://openalex.org/W2049920302","https://openalex.org/W2056436675","https://openalex.org/W2063166711","https://openalex.org/W2068618591","https://openalex.org/W2071611719","https://openalex.org/W2074398030","https://openalex.org/W2077065917","https://openalex.org/W2114263685","https://openalex.org/W2139531445","https://openalex.org/W2195596316","https://openalex.org/W2481080531","https://openalex.org/W2522101997","https://openalex.org/W2528878936","https://openalex.org/W2539089524","https://openalex.org/W2554470513","https://openalex.org/W2562050469","https://openalex.org/W2621330157","https://openalex.org/W2724376536","https://openalex.org/W2766622627","https://openalex.org/W2791819245","https://openalex.org/W2800124012","https://openalex.org/W2800185388","https://openalex.org/W2802362162","https://openalex.org/W2902841927","https://openalex.org/W2971602841","https://openalex.org/W2972762701","https://openalex.org/W2983028672","https://openalex.org/W2989207217","https://openalex.org/W3005796866","https://openalex.org/W3010640043","https://openalex.org/W3020147310","https://openalex.org/W3111656942","https://openalex.org/W3118440762","https://openalex.org/W3119456045","https://openalex.org/W3123902981","https://openalex.org/W3128399554","https://openalex.org/W3159765476","https://openalex.org/W3160149443","https://openalex.org/W3168118509","https://openalex.org/W3184744947","https://openalex.org/W3206515594","https://openalex.org/W4283364071","https://openalex.org/W4283794184","https://openalex.org/W4296050469","https://openalex.org/W4308289438","https://openalex.org/W4312093142","https://openalex.org/W4320343084","https://openalex.org/W4366498140","https://openalex.org/W4383823379","https://openalex.org/W4385970823"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415914265","https://openalex.org/W7163883685","https://openalex.org/W4408623153","https://openalex.org/W2245487225","https://openalex.org/W2013497870","https://openalex.org/W3202554559","https://openalex.org/W2808001762","https://openalex.org/W7170084440","https://openalex.org/W4407410186","https://openalex.org/W2913866532"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\u2022":[0,12,28,38],"Green":[1],"space":[2],"design":[3,26,77,91,268],"guidelines":[4],"are":[5,46,134,270],"generated":[6,271],"based":[7,72],"on":[8,73],"four":[9,97],"neighbourhood":[10,45,98,284],"typologies.":[11],"Inside":[13],"green":[14,32,40,53,132,144,162,179,186,199,218,259],"spaces,":[15,145,180,219],"mean":[16,147],"PET":[17,171,191],"can":[18,52,155,188,247],"vary":[19,156],"up":[20,157],"to":[21,158,169,228,242,262],"4":[22,159],"\u2103":[23,254],"among":[24],"different":[25,90,153],"scenarios.":[27],"Grouping":[29],"several":[30],"small":[31,143,185],"areas":[33,187],"cools":[34],"neighbourhoods":[35,234],"most":[36,203],"effectively.":[37],"Small":[39],"spaces":[41,54,133,163,200,260],"scattered":[42],"in":[43,63,249,255,283],"a":[44,165,174,181,221,250],"the":[47,67,74,102,116,124,131,142,146,178,190,198,202,217,243],"least":[48],"effective":[49,267],"strategy.":[50],"How":[51],"smaller":[55],"than":[56],"1":[57],"ha":[58],"improve":[59],"outdoor":[60],"thermal":[61,103],"conditions":[62],"urban":[64,76,276],"neighbourhoods?":[65],"Considering":[66],"variability":[68],"of":[69,79,89,105,112,130,152,183,197,216,252],"cooling":[70,113,120,176,230],"effects":[71,114,129],"relevant":[75],"parameters":[78,95],"size,":[80],"shape,":[81],"and":[82,100,118,214,224,278],"spatial":[83,244],"distribution,":[84,245],"this":[85,273],"study":[86,138],"entailed":[87],"development":[88],"scenarios":[92,107,269],"combining":[93],"these":[94,106],"for":[96,233,257,266,287],"typologies":[99],"simulates":[101],"sensation":[104],"using":[108],"ENVI-met.":[109],"Three":[110],"aspects":[111],"\u2014":[115],"inside":[117,141],"outside":[119,177],"as":[121,123],"well":[122],"Park":[125],"Cool":[126],"Island":[127],"(PCI)":[128],"separately":[135],"analysed.":[136],"The":[137,206],"shows":[139],"that":[140],"Physiological":[148],"Equivalent":[149],"Temperature":[150],"(PET)":[151],"cases":[154],"\u2103.":[160],"Larger":[161],"with":[164,195,235,280],"squared":[166,225],"shape":[167,215,226],"lead":[168],"cooler":[170,288],"inside.":[172],"For":[173],"good":[175],"configuration":[182],"grouped":[184],"reduce":[189],"by":[192,212],"1.3":[193],"\u2103,":[194],"distribution":[196],"being":[201],"influential":[204],"factor.":[205],"PCI":[207,256],"effect":[208],"is":[209,239],"mainly":[210],"determined":[211],"size":[213,223],"where":[220],"bigger":[222],"leads":[227],"better":[229],"effects.":[231],"But":[232],"radial":[236],"streets,":[237],"it":[238],"more":[240],"related":[241],"which":[246],"result":[248],"reduction":[251],"10.2":[253],"linear":[258],"next":[261],"narrow":[263],"streets.":[264],"Guidelines":[265],"from":[272],"research,":[274],"providing":[275],"designers":[277],"planners":[279],"practical":[281],"reference":[282],"greening":[285],"projects":[286],"cities.":[289]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2024-10-02T00:00:00"}
