{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402822643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3468208","title":"Near-Field Multiuser Beam-Training for Extremely Large-Scale MIMO Systems","display_name":"Near-Field Multiuser Beam-Training for Extremely Large-Scale MIMO Systems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402822643","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3468208"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2024.3468208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3468208","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3468208","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.13597","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100390549","display_name":"Wang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5864-5168","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5864-5168","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5235-5567"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5864-5168","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075696071","display_name":"Cunhua Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5286-7958","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5286-7958"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cunhua Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5286-7958","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113433956","display_name":"Hong Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3477-1087","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3477-1087"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3477-1087","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029002143","display_name":"Jiangzhou Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0881-3594","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0881-3594"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangzhou Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0881-3594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033990377","display_name":"Robert Schober","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6420-4884","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6420-4884"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Schober","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Digital Communications, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t (FAU) Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6420-4884","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Digital Communications, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t (FAU) Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2495,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2495},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9506,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92248583,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"4","first_page":"2663","last_page":"2679"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.8910999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.8910999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.08330000191926956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.018400000408291817,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-large-scale-mimo","display_name":"extremely large-scale MIMO","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-training","display_name":"beam training","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-neural-networks","display_name":"graph neural networks","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pilot-overhead-reduction","display_name":"pilot overhead reduction","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inter-user-interference","display_name":"inter-user interference","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-allocation","display_name":"beam allocation","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-beamforming","display_name":"hybrid beamforming","score":0.8849999904632568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.5997015237808228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5917840600013733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5198524594306946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5065747499465942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.45821043848991394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43989866971969604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.4153675138950348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3707756996154785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2796599864959717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20877236127853394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16274887323379517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.14866170287132263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.10126438736915588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2024.3468208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3468208","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2024.3468208","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2402.13597","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2402.13597","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.13597","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2402.13597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2402.13597","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2402.13597","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2402.13597","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2402.13597","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.13597","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5298968265","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62350710796","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402822643.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402822643.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1956027752","https://openalex.org/W2004294022","https://openalex.org/W2023535408","https://openalex.org/W2075148031","https://openalex.org/W2111953900","https://openalex.org/W2128513990","https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2195693430","https://openalex.org/W2261663070","https://openalex.org/W2469174679","https://openalex.org/W2725078910","https://openalex.org/W2804059520","https://openalex.org/W2870675286","https://openalex.org/W2907535948","https://openalex.org/W2955485202","https://openalex.org/W2964003927","https://openalex.org/W2964218543","https://openalex.org/W2997786076","https://openalex.org/W3048081097","https://openalex.org/W3083569984","https://openalex.org/W3088864784","https://openalex.org/W3160036209","https://openalex.org/W3163731022","https://openalex.org/W3184183363","https://openalex.org/W3211830369","https://openalex.org/W4226370247","https://openalex.org/W4297310224","https://openalex.org/W4311414687","https://openalex.org/W4312777261","https://openalex.org/W4322576964","https://openalex.org/W4377235263","https://openalex.org/W4381832497","https://openalex.org/W4382119112","https://openalex.org/W4385819700","https://openalex.org/W4386453663","https://openalex.org/W4389924236"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4400277494","https://openalex.org/W4297310224","https://openalex.org/W7135184399","https://openalex.org/W7160415010","https://openalex.org/W4406264162","https://openalex.org/W4414538572","https://openalex.org/W4382119112","https://openalex.org/W4416528975","https://openalex.org/W7083452925","https://openalex.org/W4402569049"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Extremely":[0],"large-scale":[1],"multiple-input":[2],"multiple-output":[3],"(XL-MIMO)":[4],"systems":[5,32],"are":[6,86],"capable":[7],"of":[8,59,82,170,200,203,223,285,293,302],"improving":[9],"spectral":[10],"efficiency":[11],"by":[12,94],"employing":[13],"far":[14],"more":[15,276],"antennas":[16],"than":[17],"conventional":[18],"massive":[19],"MIMO":[20],"at":[21,220],"the":[22,53,57,73,78,83,90,95,117,145,160,166,171,176,186,192,201,207,216,221,229,236,239,247,255,283,286,303],"base":[23],"station":[24],"(BS).":[25],"However,":[26],"beam":[27,69,137,204,211,260,288],"training":[28,138,261,289],"in":[29,56,63],"multiuser":[30,141,279],"XL-MIMO":[31,42,142,280],"is":[33,76,105,162,225,242,275],"challenging.":[34],"Firstly,":[35],"new":[36],"near-field":[37,41,179],"channel":[38],"models":[39],"and":[40,88,159,263],"transmit":[43],"beamforming":[44,167],"(TBF)":[45],"codebooks":[46],"have":[47,152],"to":[48,52,101,110,153,164,175,227,268],"be":[49,102,154],"adopted":[50],"due":[51],"dramatic":[54],"increase":[55],"number":[58],"antennas,":[60],"which":[61,104,120],"results":[62,252],"an":[64,294],"excessive":[65,122],"pilot":[66,91,265,304],"overhead":[67,266],"for":[68,140,156,181,197,244,278],"training.":[70,205],"Secondly,":[71],"when":[72],"user":[74,158],"density":[75],"high,":[77],"wireless":[79],"propagation":[80],"environments":[81],"adjacent":[84,195],"users":[85,99,114,196],"similar":[87],"hence":[89],"signals":[92],"received":[93],"BS":[96],"from":[97],"different":[98,113],"appear":[100],"interrelated,":[103],"potentially":[106],"beneficial":[107],"but":[108],"difficult":[109],"exploit.":[111],"Thirdly,":[112],"might":[115],"share":[116],"same":[118],"beam-direction,":[119],"causes":[121],"inter-user":[123,248],"interference.":[124,249],"To":[125],"tackle":[126],"these":[127],"issues,":[128],"we":[129],"conceive":[130],"a":[131,210],"three-phase":[132],"graph":[133],"neural":[134,270],"network":[135],"(GNN)-based":[136],"scheme":[139,189,213,257,290],"systems.":[143,281],"In":[144,184,206,235],"first":[146],"phase,":[147,209,238],"only":[148,299],"far-field":[149,172],"wide":[150,173],"beams":[151,174],"tested":[155],"each":[157,182],"GNN":[161],"utilized":[163],"map":[165],"gain":[168],"information":[169],"best":[177],"available":[178],"codeword":[180],"user.":[183],"addition,":[185],"proposed":[187,226,256,287],"GNN-based":[188],"can":[190],"exploit":[191],"position-correlation":[193],"between":[194,233],"further":[198,245],"improvement":[199],"accuracy":[202,262],"second":[208],"allocation":[212],"based":[214],"on":[215],"probability":[217],"vectors":[218],"produced":[219],"outputs":[222],"GNNs":[224],"address":[228],"above":[230],"beam-direction":[231],"conflicts":[232],"users.":[234],"third":[237],"hybrid":[240],"TBF":[241],"designed":[243],"reducing":[246],"Our":[250],"simulation":[251],"show":[253],"that":[254,292],"significantly":[258],"improves":[259],"reduces":[264],"compared":[267],"traditional":[269],"network-based":[271],"benchmarks.":[272],"Hence":[273],"it":[274],"suitable":[277],"Moreover,":[282],"performance":[284],"approaches":[291],"exhaustive":[295],"search,":[296],"despite":[297],"requiring":[298],"about":[300],"7%":[301],"overhead.":[305]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2024-09-25T00:00:00"}