{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402747736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000619","title":"Google\u2019s new AI Chatbot produces fake health-related evidence-then self-corrects","display_name":"Google\u2019s new AI Chatbot produces fake health-related evidence-then self-corrects","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402747736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000619","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39312507","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11419366"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000619","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/digitalhealth/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000619&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210221150","display_name":"PLOS Digital Health","issn_l":"2767-3170","issn":["2767-3170"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/digitalhealth/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000619&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085576236","display_name":"Gary M. Franklin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1355-4091","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1355-4091"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405268974","display_name":"Washington State Department of Labor and Industries","ror":"https://ror.org/02p715032","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405268974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gary M. Franklin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adjunct Research Professor, Departments of Neurology and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America","Medical Director, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, Olympia, Washington, United States of America","Research Professor, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1355-4091","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adjunct Research Professor, Departments of Neurology and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Director, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, Olympia, Washington, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405268974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Professor, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085576236"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I4405268974"],"apc_list":{"value":2926,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2926},"apc_paid":{"value":2926,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2926},"fwci":0.0937,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45013099,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"9","first_page":"e0000619","last_page":"e0000619"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thoracic-outlet-syndrome","display_name":"thoracic outlet syndrome","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workers-compensation","display_name":"workers' compensation","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-hallucination","display_name":"AI hallucination","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confabulation","display_name":"confabulation","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpt-4","display_name":"GPT-4","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-correction","display_name":"self-correction","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evidence-based-medicine","display_name":"evidence-based medicine","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-information-search","display_name":"health information search","score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/return-to-work","display_name":"return to work","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pain-relief","display_name":"analgesia","score":0.4359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-outcome","display_name":"functional outcome","score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-outcomes-research","display_name":"health outcomes research","score":0.4970000088214874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.8694550395011902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4200073182582855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.370156466960907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36475834250450134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.34266775846481323}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000619","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/digitalhealth/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000619&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210221150","display_name":"PLOS Digital Health","issn_l":"2767-3170","issn":["2767-3170"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11419366","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11419366","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11419366/pdf/pdig.0000619.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Digit Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:39312507","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39312507","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS digital health","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:43ba0ce1f78d432ea942f127cfe67045","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/43ba0ce1f78d432ea942f127cfe67045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Digital Health, Vol 3, Iss 9, p e0000619 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000619","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/digitalhealth/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000619&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210221150","display_name":"PLOS Digital Health","issn_l":"2767-3170","issn":["2767-3170"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8560000061988831,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402747736.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402747736.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2255450288","https://openalex.org/W4319301633","https://openalex.org/W4361289889","https://openalex.org/W4385230595","https://openalex.org/W4385799180","https://openalex.org/W4394913888"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7125600027","https://openalex.org/W7154366285","https://openalex.org/W4390719454","https://openalex.org/W4367692415","https://openalex.org/W4378783233","https://openalex.org/W7139930831","https://openalex.org/W4401456559","https://openalex.org/W4384132270","https://openalex.org/W7202150884","https://openalex.org/W4389519607"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"articles":[1],"have":[2,28,174,192],"pointed":[3],"out":[4],"the":[5,66,97,124,137,150,156,159,162,165,211,261,336,366,385],"potential":[6],"benefits,":[7],"limits":[8],"and":[9,33,40,72,75,164,186,227,250,284,309,342,352,405],"risks":[10],"that":[11,94,149,172,176,215,237,272,297,363,383,395],"may":[12],"occur":[13],"from":[14,49],"use":[15],"of":[16,69,87,96,123,139,161,167,239,266,299,348,368,387],"AI":[17],"Chatbots,":[18],"including":[19,350],"substantial":[20],"inaccuracies":[21],"[1,2].Such":[22],"inaccuracies,":[23],"or":[24],"downright":[25],"fake":[26],"information,":[27],"been":[29,38,193],"described":[30],"as":[31,42],"\"hallucinations,\"":[32],"even":[34],"this":[35,200],"term":[36],"has":[37],"criticized":[39],"reimagined":[41],"\"confabulations\"":[43],"[3].After":[44],"recently":[45],"receiving":[46],"a":[47,63,77,88,113,121,130,222,253,279,305,380],"notification":[48],"Google":[50],"about":[51,85],"their":[52,248],"new":[53],"GPT-4":[54],"chatbot":[55],"application,":[56],"Gemini":[57,92,170,331],"(http://gemini.google.com/),I":[58],"thought":[59],"I'd":[60],"give":[61],"it":[62],"whirl":[64],"in":[65,183,189,210,225,229,247,260,269,282,287,289,307,314,391,402,408],"general":[67],"area":[68],"evidence-based":[70],"medicine":[71],"health":[73],"outcomes":[74,86,367,386],"policy.As":[76],"starter":[78],"question,":[79,134],"\"I":[80,333],"need":[81],"help":[82],"with":[83,195,221,231,278,291,410],"information":[84],"specific":[89,133],"surgical":[90],"procedure,\"":[91],"responded":[93],"all":[95],"following":[98],"might":[99],"be":[100,181,400],"helpful":[101],"resources:":[102],"PubMed,":[103],"Cochrane":[104],"Library,":[105],"NIH,":[106],"ClinicalTrials.gov,and":[107],"professional":[108],"societies.So":[109],"far,":[110],"so":[111],"good,":[112],"great":[114],"answer":[115],"to":[116,255,326,344],"get":[117],"one":[118],"started":[119],"on":[120,155],"search":[122],"best":[125],"available":[126],"evidence.Then,":[127],"I":[128,358,377],"asked":[129],"much":[131],"more":[132],"\"What":[135],"is":[136],"outcome":[138,151],"thoracic":[140,177,196,216,232,273,292,369,388,396],"outlet":[141,178,197,217,233,274,293,370,389,397],"surgery":[142,168,179,218,243,275,303,371,390,398],"for":[143,335,372],"workers'":[144],"compensation":[145,374],"cases?\"After":[146],"reasonably":[147],"stating":[148],"can":[152,180,399],"vary":[153],"depending":[154],"individual":[157],"case,":[158],"severity":[160],"condition,":[163],"type":[166],"performed,":[169],"stated":[171],"\"Studies":[173],"shown":[175],"effective":[182,401],"improving":[184,403],"symptoms":[185,226,404],"increasing":[187,406],"function":[188,228,288,407],"workers":[190,230,240,290,300,373],"who":[191,241,301],"diagnosed":[194],"syndrome.\"Gemini":[198],"supported":[199],"conclusion":[201],"by":[202],"citing":[203,353],"two":[204],"studies.First,":[205],"\"A":[206],"2019":[207],"study":[208,235,295],"published":[209,259],"journal":[212],"\"Spine\"":[213],"found":[214,236,271,296,394],"was":[219,276],"associated":[220,277],"significant":[223,280],"improvement":[224,246,286,313],"syndrome.The":[234,294],"85%":[238],"underwent":[242,302],"reported":[244,252,304,311],"an":[245,285,312],"symptoms,":[249],"70%":[251],"return":[254],"work.\"Second,":[256],"\"Another":[257],"study,":[258],"journal\"":[262],"The":[263],"American":[264],"Journal":[265],"Industrial":[267],"Medicine\"":[268],"2018,":[270],"reduction":[281,306],"pain":[283],"80%":[298],"pain,":[308],"75%":[310],"function.\"I":[315],"followed":[316],"up":[317],"with,":[318],"\"The":[319],"studies":[320,362,382,393],"you":[321,328],"cited":[322],"do":[323],"not":[324],"seem":[325],"exist.Can":[327],"explain":[329],"that?\"And":[330],"responded,":[332],"apologize":[334],"mistake.I":[337],"am":[338],"still":[339],"under":[340],"development":[341],"learning":[343],"perform":[345],"many":[346],"kinds":[347],"tasks,":[349],"finding":[351],"academic":[354],"studies.Upon":[355],"further":[356],"research,":[357],"cannot":[359],"find":[360,379],"any":[361],"specifically":[364],"examine":[365],"cases.\"And,":[375],"\"However,":[376],"did":[378],"few":[381],"examined":[384],"general.These":[392],"patients":[409]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2024-09-24T00:00:00"}