{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402552162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02102-4","title":"Epidemiological Principles in Claims of Causality: An Enquiry into Repetitive Head Impacts (RHI) and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)","display_name":"Epidemiological Principles in Claims of Causality: An Enquiry into Repetitive Head Impacts (RHI) and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402552162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02102-4","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39277838","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11947058"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02102-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02102-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02102-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40279-024-02102-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137994755","display_name":"Sports Medicine","issn_l":"0112-1642","issn":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sports Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40279-024-02102-4.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008303970","display_name":"Lauren Victoria Fortington","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2760-9249","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2760-9249"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12079687","display_name":"Edith Cowan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jhnwe22","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lauren V. Fortington","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia. lauren.fortington@gmail.com"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2760-9249","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia. lauren.fortington@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113448595","display_name":"John David Cassidy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. David Cassidy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102751225","display_name":"Rudolph J. Castellani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0651-2333","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0651-2333"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rudolph J. Castellani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Neuropathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Chicago, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Neuropathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044019224","display_name":"Andrew J. Gardner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5031-5586","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5031-5586"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew J. Gardner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050853501","display_name":"Andrew Stuart McIntosh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3061-7143","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3061-7143"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew S. McIntosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113384020","display_name":"Michael Austen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I249726346","display_name":"Royal Australasian College of Physicians","ror":"https://ror.org/047hk9367","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I249726346"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Austen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Australasian Faculty of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Royal Australasian College of Physicians, Sydney, Australia","High Court of New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand","Royal New Zealand College of Urgent Care, Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Australasian Faculty of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Royal Australasian College of Physicians, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I249726346"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"High Court of New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal New Zealand College of Urgent Care, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032856483","display_name":"Zachary Y. Kerr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1423-1259","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1423-1259"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zachary Yukio Kerr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031672310","display_name":"Kenneth Lincoln Quarrie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1703-8489","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1703-8489"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39854758","display_name":"Auckland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zvqw119","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39854758"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth L. Quarrie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Auckland Bioengineering Institute (ABI), The University of Auckland, Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand","New Zealand Rugby, 100 Molesworth Street, Wellington, New Zealand","Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Auckland Bioengineering Institute (ABI), The University of Auckland, Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Zealand Rugby, 100 Molesworth Street, Wellington, New Zealand","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39854758"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008303970"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"],"apc_list":{"value":5490,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5490},"apc_paid":{"value":5490,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5490},"fwci":1.0944,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75911317,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"2","first_page":"255","last_page":"274"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10416","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10416","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10498","display_name":"Migraine and Headache Studies","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/repetitive-head-impacts","display_name":"repetitive head impacts","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-traumatic-encephalopathy","display_name":"chronic traumatic encephalopathy","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"causality","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bradford-hill-criteria","display_name":"Bradford Hill criteria","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuropathological-changes","display_name":"neuropathological changes","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exposure-measurement","display_name":"exposure measurement","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outcome-measurement","display_name":"outcome measurement","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sports-related-concussion","display_name":"sports-related concussion","score":0.4869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-quality","display_name":"research quality","score":0.6850000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2911139526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5114004","display_name":"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy","level":5,"score":0.8932907581329346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.7145842909812927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6759026646614075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43893838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840545","display_name":"Sports medicine","level":2,"score":0.5747647285461426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5165173411369324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778621155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576349","display_name":"Encephalopathy","level":2,"score":0.4705391526222229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.3872331380844116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.3696596920490265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.3031814992427826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.26411378383636475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778426673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q326921","display_name":"Concussion","level":4,"score":0.26045578718185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.25303328037261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.17120134830474854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.16788452863693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000070627","descriptor_name":"Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000070627","descriptor_name":"Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001265","descriptor_name":"Athletic Injuries","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001265","descriptor_name":"Athletic Injuries","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006259","descriptor_name":"Craniocerebral Trauma","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006259","descriptor_name":"Craniocerebral Trauma","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":9,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02102-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02102-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02102-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40279-024-02102-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137994755","display_name":"Sports Medicine","issn_l":"0112-1642","issn":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sports Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:10758871","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11947058","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11947058/pdf/40279_2024_Article_2102.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11947058","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11947058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sports Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:39277838","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39277838","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:cdr.lib.unc.edu:m039kk289","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17615/4zmp-cc63","pdf_url":"https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/ng451z672","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401075","display_name":"Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","host_organization_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sports Medicine","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:monash.edu:openaire/be8caa46-a8c9-463a-a143-fcf1835bda5a","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.monash.edu/files/737370041/737368890-oa.pdf","pdf_url":"https://researchmgt.monash.edu/ws/files/737370041/737368890-oa.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402625","display_name":"Monash University Research Portal (Monash University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","host_organization_name":"Monash University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fortington, L V, Cassidy, J D, Castellani, R J, Gardner, A J, McIntosh, A S, Austen, M, Kerr, Z Y & Quarrie, K L 2025, 'Epidemiological principles in claims of causality : an enquiry into Repetitive\u00a0Head Impacts (RHI) and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)', Sports Medicine, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 255-274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02102-4","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ro.ecu.edu.au:ecuworks2022-2026-5580","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworks2022-2026/4579","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765015692","display_name":"Australasian Journal of Paramedicine","issn_l":"2202-7270","issn":["2202-7270"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405272673","host_organization_name":"Australasian College of Paramedicine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405272673"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research outputs 2022 to 2026","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/28466861","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Epidemiological_Principles_in_Claims_of_Causality_An_Enquiry_into_Repetitive_Head_Impacts_RHI_and_Chronic_Traumatic_Encephalopathy_CTE_/28466861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.17615/4zmp-cc63","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17615/4zmp-cc63","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17615/4zmp-cc63","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051488","display_name":"UNC Libraries","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02102-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02102-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02102-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40279-024-02102-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137994755","display_name":"Sports Medicine","issn_l":"0112-1642","issn":["0112-1642","1179-2035"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sports Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9537000060081482,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320988","display_name":"Edith Cowan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jhnwe22"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402552162.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402552162.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":100,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1564250772","https://openalex.org/W1568390176","https://openalex.org/W1879183898","https://openalex.org/W1944945174","https://openalex.org/W1964330970","https://openalex.org/W1972437644","https://openalex.org/W1985345440","https://openalex.org/W1995322708","https://openalex.org/W2025959999","https://openalex.org/W2054069489","https://openalex.org/W2071153133","https://openalex.org/W2081325915","https://openalex.org/W2082299845","https://openalex.org/W2083475779","https://openalex.org/W2085191348","https://openalex.org/W2096570124","https://openalex.org/W2109001751","https://openalex.org/W2133647554","https://openalex.org/W2148876986","https://openalex.org/W2149825729","https://openalex.org/W2151186028","https://openalex.org/W2153941399","https://openalex.org/W2155971051","https://openalex.org/W2156511539","https://openalex.org/W2162078572","https://openalex.org/W2171600170","https://openalex.org/W2217184110","https://openalex.org/W2290632612","https://openalex.org/W2469311200","https://openalex.org/W2486114578","https://openalex.org/W2502801113","https://openalex.org/W2503544007","https://openalex.org/W2516664593","https://openalex.org/W2516884459","https://openalex.org/W2545906678","https://openalex.org/W2582998820","https://openalex.org/W2587754635","https://openalex.org/W2588072485","https://openalex.org/W2591193582","https://openalex.org/W2593402600","https://openalex.org/W2595469704","https://openalex.org/W2598193016","https://openalex.org/W2731172006","https://openalex.org/W2750121529","https://openalex.org/W2751183703","https://openalex.org/W2766924364","https://openalex.org/W2793980617","https://openalex.org/W2896526411","https://openalex.org/W2898857560","https://openalex.org/W2917632902","https://openalex.org/W2919224878","https://openalex.org/W2922821562","https://openalex.org/W2949927692","https://openalex.org/W2952010976","https://openalex.org/W2958692365","https://openalex.org/W2978141033","https://openalex.org/W2980770587","https://openalex.org/W2986670637","https://openalex.org/W3008390291","https://openalex.org/W3017664168","https://openalex.org/W3043117538","https://openalex.org/W3046275966","https://openalex.org/W3111864206","https://openalex.org/W3131153821","https://openalex.org/W3131558594","https://openalex.org/W3135923030","https://openalex.org/W3137119678","https://openalex.org/W3146382862","https://openalex.org/W3204195656","https://openalex.org/W3207904933","https://openalex.org/W4211228603","https://openalex.org/W4223587132","https://openalex.org/W4224257418","https://openalex.org/W4234048930","https://openalex.org/W4245538309","https://openalex.org/W4247938048","https://openalex.org/W4253588582","https://openalex.org/W4280494859","https://openalex.org/W4281766055","https://openalex.org/W4286229136","https://openalex.org/W4286685254","https://openalex.org/W4290649029","https://openalex.org/W4294018534","https://openalex.org/W4311865044","https://openalex.org/W4321488188","https://openalex.org/W4323067171","https://openalex.org/W4380574878","https://openalex.org/W4381334985","https://openalex.org/W4381853815","https://openalex.org/W4384944048","https://openalex.org/W4389205819","https://openalex.org/W4390742626","https://openalex.org/W4395094957","https://openalex.org/W4395451137","https://openalex.org/W4396518743","https://openalex.org/W4396746916","https://openalex.org/W4399728669","https://openalex.org/W4400058347","https://openalex.org/W6631722066","https://openalex.org/W7002144803"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4286685254","https://openalex.org/W4402929344","https://openalex.org/W2958692365","https://openalex.org/W4319826979","https://openalex.org/W2985465793","https://openalex.org/W3102064913","https://openalex.org/W4415323757","https://openalex.org/W2567325218","https://openalex.org/W3043117538","https://openalex.org/W4416221498"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Determining":[0],"whether":[1,17],"repetitive":[2],"head":[3],"impacts":[4],"(RHI)":[5,129],"cause":[6,20,52],"the":[7,29,42,48,79,85,89,100,106,122,135,145,161,172,196,210],"development":[8],"of":[9,25,78,84,127,152,160,167,198],"chronic":[10],"traumatic":[11],"encephalopathy":[12],"(CTE)-neuropathological":[13],"change":[14],"(NC)":[15],"and":[16,60,88,118,125,130,148,175,180,183,193],"pathological":[18],"changes":[19],"clinical":[21],"syndromes":[22],"are":[23,113,140,157,177],"topics":[24],"considerable":[26],"interest":[27],"to":[28,46,209],"global":[30],"sports":[31],"medicine":[32],"community.":[33],"In":[34],"2022,":[35],"an":[36,76],"article":[37,81],"was":[38],"published":[39,80],"that":[40,50,68,99,139,150],"used":[41,92,141],"Bradford":[43,136],"Hill":[44,137],"criteria":[45],"evaluate":[47],"claim":[49],"RHI":[51],"CTE.":[53],"The":[54],"publication":[55],"garnered":[56],"international":[57],"media":[58],"attention":[59],"has":[61,70],"since":[62],"been":[63,71,155,190],"promoted":[64],"as":[65,142],"definitive":[66],"proof":[67],"causality":[69,153],"established.":[72],"Our":[73],"counterpoint":[74],"presents":[75],"appraisal":[77],"in":[82,93,115,121,144,204],"terms":[83],"claims":[86,170],"made":[87],"scientific":[90,162],"literature":[91],"developing":[94],"those":[95],"claims.":[96,108],"We":[97,109,133],"conclude":[98,149],"evidence":[101,143],"provided":[102],"does":[103],"not":[104],"justify":[105],"causal":[107,169],"discuss":[110],"how":[111],"causes":[112],"conceptualised":[114],"modern":[116],"epidemiology":[117],"highlight":[119],"shortcomings":[120],"current":[123],"definitions":[124],"measurement":[126],"exposures":[128,174],"outcomes":[131,176],"(CTE).":[132],"address":[134],"arguments":[138],"original":[146],"review":[147],"assertions":[151],"having":[154],"established":[156],"premature.":[158],"Members":[159],"community":[163],"must":[164],"be":[165],"cautious":[166],"making":[168],"until":[171],"proposed":[173],"well":[178],"defined":[179],"consistently":[181],"measured,":[182],"findings":[184],"from":[185],"appropriately":[186],"designed":[187],"studies":[188],"have":[189],"published.":[191],"Evaluating":[192],"reflecting":[194],"on":[195],"quality":[197],"research":[199],"is":[200],"a":[201],"crucial":[202],"step":[203],"providing":[205],"accurate":[206],"evidence-based":[207],"information":[208],"public.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2024-09-16T00:00:00"}
