{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402283176","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104160","title":"The pharmaceutical productivity gap \u2013 Incremental decline in R&D efficiency despite transient improvements","display_name":"The pharmaceutical productivity gap \u2013 Incremental decline in R&D efficiency despite transient improvements","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402283176","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104160","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39241979"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152068293","display_name":"Drug Discovery Today","issn_l":"1359-6446","issn":["1359-6446","1878-5832"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Drug Discovery Today","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104160","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046725267","display_name":"Kenneth Fernald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2406-9320","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2406-9320"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth D.S. Fernald","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Athena Institute, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Electronic address: k.d.s.fernald@vu.nl"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Athena Institute, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Electronic address: k.d.s.fernald@vu.nl","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107955697","display_name":"Philipp C F\u00f6rster","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philipp C. F\u00f6rster","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Athena Institute, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Athena Institute, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090327278","display_name":"Eric Claassen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6768-9039","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6768-9039"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Claassen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Athena Institute, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Athena Institute, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087367532","display_name":"Linda van de Burgwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0241-8780","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0241-8780"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linda H.M. van de Burgwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Athena Institute, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Athena Institute, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046725267"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"apc_list":{"value":4820,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4820},"apc_paid":{"value":4820,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4820},"fwci":4.3413,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96576032,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"11","first_page":"104160","last_page":"104160"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11649","display_name":"Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2910","display_name":"Issues, ethics and legal aspects"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12168","display_name":"Health and Medical Research Impacts","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/r-d-productivity","display_name":"R&D productivity","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-development-costs","display_name":"drug development costs","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-drug-approvals","display_name":"new drug approvals","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-trial-results","display_name":"clinical trial results","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmaceutical-innovation","display_name":"pharmaceutical innovation","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/r-d-investment","display_name":"R&D investment","score":0.5260000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.7435340881347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780799671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17087362","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.7150014638900757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178855305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q614304","display_name":"Pharmaceutical sciences","level":2,"score":0.5226611495018005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3402595520019531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.32511240243911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.28041142225265503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.19877782464027405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.17926982045173645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.16632097959518433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.06946364045143127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000076722","descriptor_name":"Drug Development","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004345","descriptor_name":"Drug Industry","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004526","descriptor_name":"Efficiency","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012106","descriptor_name":"Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017277","descriptor_name":"Drug Approval","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152068293","display_name":"Drug Discovery Today","issn_l":"1359-6446","issn":["1359-6446","1878-5832"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Drug Discovery Today","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39241979","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39241979","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Drug discovery today","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.vu.nl:openaire/c9e00da8-4580-4522-a7c0-d1d432d3ee89","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/c9e00da8-4580-4522-a7c0-d1d432d3ee89","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401107","display_name":"VU Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fernald, K D S, F\u00f6rster, P C, Claassen, E & van de Burgwal, L H M 2024, 'The pharmaceutical productivity gap \u2013 Incremental decline in R &D efficiency despite transient improvements', Drug Discovery Today, vol. 29, no. 11, 104160, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104160","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152068293","display_name":"Drug Discovery Today","issn_l":"1359-6446","issn":["1359-6446","1878-5832"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Drug Discovery Today","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2733357807","display_name":"Preparedness for Emerging Infectious Diseases: understanding alignment of product development and timely acute public health responses from the perspective of inclusive innovation.","funder_award_id":"VI.Veni.201S.044","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsz6e67"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521626043","https://openalex.org/W1531167993","https://openalex.org/W1607344779","https://openalex.org/W1835357470","https://openalex.org/W1978880915","https://openalex.org/W1982793219","https://openalex.org/W1984940961","https://openalex.org/W1985020560","https://openalex.org/W1986672838","https://openalex.org/W1996833726","https://openalex.org/W2016060560","https://openalex.org/W2020445143","https://openalex.org/W2023096047","https://openalex.org/W2028279608","https://openalex.org/W2030952396","https://openalex.org/W2031441006","https://openalex.org/W2032338665","https://openalex.org/W2050480410","https://openalex.org/W2057127849","https://openalex.org/W2064818677","https://openalex.org/W2070004097","https://openalex.org/W2083258699","https://openalex.org/W2085284670","https://openalex.org/W2114133742","https://openalex.org/W2121175754","https://openalex.org/W2151730875","https://openalex.org/W2155253059","https://openalex.org/W2166550586","https://openalex.org/W2183888519","https://openalex.org/W2273267066","https://openalex.org/W2280435963","https://openalex.org/W2322889127","https://openalex.org/W2396649694","https://openalex.org/W2559652202","https://openalex.org/W2589869721","https://openalex.org/W2591036722","https://openalex.org/W2621879909","https://openalex.org/W2654205149","https://openalex.org/W2790808809","https://openalex.org/W2884360154","https://openalex.org/W2898389692","https://openalex.org/W2944466104","https://openalex.org/W2996334878","https://openalex.org/W3003608217","https://openalex.org/W3015388949","https://openalex.org/W3016722055","https://openalex.org/W3026030045","https://openalex.org/W3033667023","https://openalex.org/W3095530513","https://openalex.org/W3119420988","https://openalex.org/W3125487025","https://openalex.org/W3130309548","https://openalex.org/W3160456349","https://openalex.org/W3187980261","https://openalex.org/W3198703502","https://openalex.org/W4210502542","https://openalex.org/W4226069856","https://openalex.org/W4281562431","https://openalex.org/W4293242813","https://openalex.org/W4311290786","https://openalex.org/W4317521198","https://openalex.org/W4378587222","https://openalex.org/W4385318987","https://openalex.org/W4386758157","https://openalex.org/W4387030156","https://openalex.org/W4392351950","https://openalex.org/W4393324721","https://openalex.org/W4403605221","https://openalex.org/W6631087219","https://openalex.org/W6812165657","https://openalex.org/W6839782606"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3122014724","https://openalex.org/W3124046328","https://openalex.org/W1541232310","https://openalex.org/W4412752731","https://openalex.org/W4387975776","https://openalex.org/W2028279608","https://openalex.org/W3015388949","https://openalex.org/W3094764545","https://openalex.org/W2166550586","https://openalex.org/W7080057832"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\u2022":[0,9,20,28,37],"Rising":[1,29,47],"R&D":[2,13,24,35,65,142],"expenditures":[3],"reflect":[4,59],"ongoing":[5],"incremental":[6],"efficiency":[7,14,25,143],"decline.":[8],"Recent":[10],"stabilization":[11],"in":[12,23,63,141],"may":[15],"not":[16],"indicate":[17],"structural":[18,86],"reversal.":[19,90],"Sustained":[21],"turnaround":[22,140],"remains":[26,144],"uncertain.":[27],"late-stage":[30,133],"attrition":[31],"signals":[32],"lower":[33],"future":[34],"productivity.":[36],"Structural":[38],"changes":[39],"are":[40],"essential":[41],"to":[42,80,126,131],"address":[43],"pharmaceutical":[44,64,99,123],"innovation":[45],"challenges.":[46],"research":[48],"and":[49,104,113],"development":[50],"costs,":[51],"currently":[52],"exceeding":[53],"$3.5":[54],"billion":[55],"per":[56],"novel":[57,101],"drug,":[58],"a":[60,71,77,85,138],"five-decade":[61],"decline":[62],"efficiency.":[66],"While":[67],"recent":[68,120],"reports":[69],"suggest":[70],"potential":[72],"turnaround,":[73],"this":[74,83],"review":[75],"offers":[76],"systems-level":[78],"analysis":[79,116],"explore":[81],"whether":[82],"marks":[84],"shift":[87],"or":[88],"transient":[89],"We":[91],"analyzed":[92],"financial":[93],"data":[94],"from":[95],"the":[96,122],"200":[97],"largest":[98],"firms,":[100],"drug":[102],"approvals,":[103],"more":[105],"than":[106],"80":[107],"000":[108],"clinical":[109,134],"trials":[110],"between":[111],"2012":[112],"2023.":[114],"Our":[115],"revealed":[117],"that":[118,137],"despite":[119],"stabilization,":[121],"industry":[124],"continues":[125],"face":[127],"challenges,":[128],"particularly":[129],"due":[130],"elevated":[132],"attrition,":[135],"suggesting":[136],"sustained":[139],"elusive.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2024-09-06T00:00:00"}