{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402272995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/akfsu","title":"Transparency is not enough: Warning people that they are being microtargeted fails to eliminate persuasive advantage","display_name":"Transparency is not enough: Warning people that they are being microtargeted fails to eliminate persuasive advantage","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402272995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/akfsu"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/akfsu","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/akfsu","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/akfsu","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/akfsu","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012811021","display_name":"Fabio Carrella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4918-3875","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4918-3875"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Carrella","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4918-3875","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031514121","display_name":"Almog Simchon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2629-2913","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2629-2913"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Almog Simchon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2629-2913","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003587835","display_name":"Matthew Edwards","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8099-0646","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8099-0646"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Edwards","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017914184","display_name":"Stephan Lewandowsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1655-2013","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1655-2013"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephan Lewandowsky","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.34689998626708984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.34689998626708984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.1995999962091446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13718","display_name":"Media Influence and Politics","score":0.11079999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microtargeting","display_name":"microtargeting","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-advertising","display_name":"political advertising","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/warning-signs","display_name":"warning signs","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"transparency","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality-inference","display_name":"personality inference","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/targeted-messaging","display_name":"targeted communication","score":0.45899999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence-tools","display_name":"AI tools","score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manipulation","display_name":"manipulation","score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eu-ai-act","display_name":"EU AI Act","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-persuasion","display_name":"political persuasion","score":0.33000001311302185}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.8988915681838989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.47589337825775146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.41301584243774414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.4092825949192047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.404323935508728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3302496671676636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3154529631137848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.30633044242858887}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/akfsu","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/akfsu","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/akfsu","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:1aa833e5-5145-44c7-939e-7f1af4e7980f","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/akfsu","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/akfsu","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/akfsu","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/akfsu","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47620001435279846,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4406892805","https://openalex.org/W4380302601","https://openalex.org/W4413929369","https://openalex.org/W4391573245","https://openalex.org/W6943848428","https://openalex.org/W6943822973","https://openalex.org/W3093993845","https://openalex.org/W7160304644","https://openalex.org/W4388561477","https://openalex.org/W3153082876"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"practice":[1],"of":[2,63,72,110,153],"microtargeting":[3,44,68],"in":[4,144],"politics,":[5],"involving":[6],"tailoring":[7],"persuasive":[8,22,102,129],"messages":[9,76],"to":[10],"individuals":[11],"based":[12],"on":[13,142],"personal":[14],"vulnerabilities,":[15],"has":[16],"raised":[17],"manipulation":[18],"concerns.":[19],"As":[20],"microtargeting's":[21],"benefits":[23],"are":[24],"well-established":[25],"and":[26,33,37,78,88,133],"its":[27],"use":[28],"facilitated":[29],"by":[30,46,69],"AI":[31,149],"tools":[32],"personality-inference":[34],"models,":[35],"ethical":[36],"regulatory":[38],"concerns":[39],"arise.Here,":[40],"we":[41],"explore":[42],"countering":[43],"effects":[45],"creating":[47],"a":[48,94,111,154],"warning":[49,64,112],"signal":[50],"deployed":[51],"when":[52],"users":[53],"encounter":[54],"personality-tailored":[55],"political":[56],"ads.":[57],"Two":[58],"studies":[59],"evaluated":[60],"the":[61,108,121,140,147,151],"effectiveness":[62],"\"popups''":[65],"against":[66],"potential":[67],"comparing":[70],"persuasiveness":[71],"targeted":[73,98],"vs.":[74],"non-targeted":[75,104,131],"with":[77,97],"without":[79],"popups.Using":[80],"within":[81],"subject-designs,":[82],"Studies":[83],"1":[84],"(N":[85,90],"=":[86,91],"666)":[87],"2":[89],"432)":[92],"reveal":[93],"targeting":[95],"effect,":[96],"ads":[99,125],"deemed":[100],"more":[101,128],"than":[103,130],"ones.":[105],"More":[106],"importantly,":[107],"presence":[109],"popup":[113],"did":[114],"not":[115],"significantly":[116,127],"impact":[117],"persuasiveness.":[118],"Overall,":[119],"across":[120],"two":[122],"studies,":[123],"personality-targeted":[124],"were":[126],"ones,":[132],"this":[134],"advantage":[135],"persisted":[136],"despite":[137],"warnings.":[138],"Given":[139],"focus":[141],"transparency":[143,156],"initiatives":[145],"like":[146],"EU's":[148],"Act,":[150],"lack":[152],"significant":[155],"measure":[157],"effect":[158],"is":[159],"potentially":[160],"concerning.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2024-09-06T00:00:00"}