{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402226466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177868","title":"Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Detection of Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil Samples from North Birmingham, Alabama","display_name":"Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Detection of Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil Samples from North Birmingham, Alabama","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402226466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177868"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app14177868","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177868","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177868","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/17/7868/pdf?version=1725447632","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/17/7868/pdf?version=1725447632","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109764754","display_name":"Nirmala Adhikari","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nirmala Adhikari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA","Superfund Center, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Superfund Center, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044804917","display_name":"Dmitry V. Martyshkin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5580-6461","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5580-6461"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dmitry Martyshkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA","Superfund Center, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Superfund Center, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063595323","display_name":"Vladimir Fedorov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3432-8680","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3432-8680"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vladimir Fedorov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA","Superfund Center, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Superfund Center, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109776285","display_name":"Deblina Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9518-4114","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9518-4114"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Deblina Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA","Superfund Center, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Superfund Center, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034170551","display_name":"Veena B. Antony","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2326-352X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2326-352X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Veena Antony","raw_affiliation_strings":["Superfund Center, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2326-352X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Superfund Center, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069543557","display_name":"Sergey Mirov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4186-8450","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4186-8450"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sergey Mirov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA","Superfund Center, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4186-8450","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Superfund Center, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034170551","https://openalex.org/A5044804917","https://openalex.org/A5063595323","https://openalex.org/A5069543557","https://openalex.org/A5109764754","https://openalex.org/A5109776285"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2728},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2728},"fwci":1.4284,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77550272,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"17","first_page":"7868","last_page":"7868"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11854","display_name":"Laser-induced spectroscopy and plasma","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11854","display_name":"Laser-induced spectroscopy and plasma","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10139","display_name":"Heavy metals in environment","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13793","display_name":"Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-metal-pollution","display_name":"heavy metal contamination","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-contamination","display_name":"soil contamination","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-induced-breakdown-spectroscopy","display_name":"laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arsenic","display_name":"arsenic","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead","display_name":"lead","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manganese","display_name":"manganese","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superfund-sites","display_name":"Superfund sites","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mining-pollution","display_name":"mining pollution","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coal-fired-power-plants","display_name":"coal-fired power plants","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smelting","display_name":"smelting","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detection-limit","display_name":"detection limit","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-health-risk","display_name":"environmental health risk","score":0.41999998688697815}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50497907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2654990","display_name":"Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy","level":3,"score":0.8264693021774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112570922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603","display_name":"Contamination","level":2,"score":0.5942992568016052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5112206935882568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50516716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877107","display_name":"Soil test","level":3,"score":0.45252907276153564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.4192083477973938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.40755099058151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.33859699964523315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.2205391228199005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.1957959532737732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.1440187692642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.13613450527191162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.10860085487365723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09391698241233826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.08821433782577515}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app14177868","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177868","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177868","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/17/7868/pdf?version=1725447632","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202408.0686.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202408.0686.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202408.0686.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cec8c2484cd640d7a3055300497e1556","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cec8c2484cd640d7a3055300497e1556","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences, Vol 14, Iss 17, p 7868 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app14177868","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177868","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177868","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/17/7868/pdf?version=1725447632","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4390000104904175,"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G369544920","display_name":"Impact of Airborne Heavy Metals on Lung Disease and the Environment","funder_award_id":"P42ES027723","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337361","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306107","display_name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03tns0030"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337361","display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00j4k1h63"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402226466.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402226466.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W633300200","https://openalex.org/W877763465","https://openalex.org/W1982398153","https://openalex.org/W1986627707","https://openalex.org/W2009803067","https://openalex.org/W2030561313","https://openalex.org/W2045991179","https://openalex.org/W2046357323","https://openalex.org/W2047962060","https://openalex.org/W2049412203","https://openalex.org/W2060664919","https://openalex.org/W2120620624","https://openalex.org/W2179664742","https://openalex.org/W2201699903","https://openalex.org/W2598314969","https://openalex.org/W2774019083","https://openalex.org/W2799430008","https://openalex.org/W2893781967","https://openalex.org/W2907994861","https://openalex.org/W2937023005","https://openalex.org/W2938760133","https://openalex.org/W2961796193","https://openalex.org/W2997165800","https://openalex.org/W3014563251","https://openalex.org/W3099698478","https://openalex.org/W3119696971","https://openalex.org/W3121846893","https://openalex.org/W3126354677","https://openalex.org/W3207339720","https://openalex.org/W4256119362","https://openalex.org/W4324061311"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2626503452","https://openalex.org/W260359421","https://openalex.org/W2422298210","https://openalex.org/W4412480489","https://openalex.org/W1598727383","https://openalex.org/W2914108914","https://openalex.org/W2352789171","https://openalex.org/W7057122309","https://openalex.org/W3083950480","https://openalex.org/W2112214689"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High":[0],"levels":[1],"of":[2,87,134,154,176],"heavy":[3,43,88],"metal":[4,89],"contamination":[5],"in":[6,45,52,57,124],"soil":[7,46,100,126],"present":[8],"substantial":[9],"threats":[10],"to":[11,18,39,97,172],"human":[12],"health":[13,20],"and":[14,32,41,65,83,106,121,146,193],"the":[15,129,155,174,177],"environment,":[16],"leading":[17],"severe":[19],"problems":[21],"such":[22],"as":[23],"neurotoxicity,":[24],"cancer,":[25],"kidney":[26],"issues,":[27],"chronic":[28],"obstructive":[29],"pulmonary":[30],"disease,":[31],"reduced":[33],"life":[34],"expectancy.":[35],"This":[36],"research":[37],"aims":[38],"identify":[40],"analyze":[42],"metals":[44],"samples":[47,101,127],"collected":[48,103],"from":[49,104,128],"Superfund":[50],"sites":[51],"North":[53],"Birmingham,":[54],"Alabama,":[55],"specifically":[56],"affected":[58,70,105,130],"areas":[59,71],"with":[60,169],"Zip":[61],"codes":[62],"35207,":[63],"35217,":[64],"control":[66,107],"area":[67],"35214.":[68],"These":[69],"were":[72,167],"previously":[73],"used":[74],"for":[75,140,144,149,185],"mining,":[76],"coal-fired":[77],"power":[78],"plants,":[79],"coke":[80],"furnaces,":[81],"smelting,":[82],"other":[84],"potential":[85],"sources":[86],"pollution.":[90],"Laser-Induced":[91],"Breakdown":[92],"Spectroscopy":[93],"(LIBS)":[94],"was":[95,137],"employed":[96],"study":[98],"60":[99],"systematically":[102],"areas.":[108,131],"We":[109],"found":[110],"that":[111],"using":[112,151],"LIBS,":[113],"we":[114],"could":[115],"detect":[116],"arsenic":[117],"(As),":[118],"lead":[119],"(Pb),":[120],"manganese":[122],"(Mn)":[123],"all":[125,186],"The":[132,165],"limit":[133],"detection":[135,156],"(LoD)":[136],"16":[138],"ppm":[139,143,148],"Pb,":[141],"43":[142],"As,":[145],"33":[147],"Mn":[150],"specific":[152],"parameters":[153],"system":[157],"and/or":[158],"argon":[159],"gas":[160],"purging":[161],"at":[162,189],"atmospheric":[163],"pressure.":[164],"results":[166],"compared":[168],"ICP-MS":[170,198],"measurements":[171],"validate":[173],"accuracy":[175],"LIBS":[178],"findings.":[179],"Data":[180],"showed":[181],"a":[182,194],"good":[183,195],"linearity":[184],"calibration":[187],"data":[188],"relatively":[190],"low":[191],"concentrations":[192],"correlation":[196],"between":[197],"measurements.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2024-09-05T00:00:00"}