{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402128752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174323","title":"Assessing the Potential of Rare Earth Elements in Bottom Ash from Coal Combustion in Poland","display_name":"Assessing the Potential of Rare Earth Elements in Bottom Ash from Coal Combustion in Poland","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402128752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174323","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39274713"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma17174323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174323","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174323","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/17/4323/pdf?version=1725078035","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/17/4323/pdf?version=1725078035","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033377885","display_name":"Zdzis\u0142aw Adamczyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5925-4676","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5925-4676"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119004910","display_name":"Silesian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02dyjk442","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119004910"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zdzis\u0142aw Adamczyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mining, Safety Engineering and Industrial Automation, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 1, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5925-4676","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mining, Safety Engineering and Industrial Automation, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 1, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119004910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048036604","display_name":"Joanna Komorek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9123-7799","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9123-7799"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119004910","display_name":"Silesian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02dyjk442","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119004910"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joanna Komorek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mining, Safety Engineering and Industrial Automation, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 1, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9123-7799","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mining, Safety Engineering and Industrial Automation, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 1, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119004910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079614280","display_name":"Barbara Bia\u0142ecka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-5475","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-5475"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3020398883","display_name":"Central Mining Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0367ap631","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3020398883"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barbara Bia\u0142ecka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Monitoring, Central Mining Institute \u2013 National Research Institute, Plac Gwark\u00f3w 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-5475","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Monitoring, Central Mining Institute \u2013 National Research Institute, Plac Gwark\u00f3w 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3020398883"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082742183","display_name":"Jacek Nowak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-8295","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-8295"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119004910","display_name":"Silesian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02dyjk442","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119004910"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jacek Nowak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mining, Safety Engineering and Industrial Automation, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 1, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-8295","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mining, Safety Engineering and Industrial Automation, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 1, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119004910"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033377885","https://openalex.org/A5082742183"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119004910"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2955},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2955},"fwci":2.1883,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87898433,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"17","first_page":"4323","last_page":"4323"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12218","display_name":"Coal and Its By-products","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12218","display_name":"Coal and Its By-products","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13790","display_name":"Waste Management and Environmental Impact","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11091","display_name":"Extraction and Separation Processes","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rare-earth-elements","display_name":"rare earth elements","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottom-ash","display_name":"bottom ash","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fly-ash","display_name":"fly ash","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coal-combustion","display_name":"coal combustion","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coal-fired-power-plants","display_name":"coal-fired power plants","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pozzolanic-activity","display_name":"pozzolanic activity","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mullite","display_name":"mullite","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amorphous-glass","display_name":"amorphous glass","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detrital-material","display_name":"detrital material","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-composition","display_name":"phase composition","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-composition","display_name":"chemical composition","score":0.5339999794960022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87343466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236139","display_name":"Fly ash","level":2,"score":0.8618965148925781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175944049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2205307","display_name":"Bottom ash","level":3,"score":0.8279510140419006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105923489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235","display_name":"Combustion","level":2,"score":0.6870130896568298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518851703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24489","display_name":"Coal","level":2,"score":0.6680355072021484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.5181442499160767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154256306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41795528","display_name":"Inert","level":2,"score":0.47798269987106323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188471824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5137808","display_name":"Coal combustion products","level":3,"score":0.4519363343715668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.4459463357925415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77835500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q694124","display_name":"Pozzolan","level":4,"score":0.4381270408630371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156383657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902126","display_name":"Heat of combustion","level":3,"score":0.42736777663230896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4065837860107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.3551790714263916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3193730115890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523993062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cement","level":2,"score":0.14994540810585022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.08300131559371948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780021121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844123","display_name":"Portland cement","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma17174323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174323","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174323","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/17/4323/pdf?version=1725078035","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39274713","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39274713","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11396735","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11396735","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11396735/pdf/materials-17-04323.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Materials (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c717ef6f6fc54790bcae506d5d68018f","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c717ef6f6fc54790bcae506d5d68018f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Materials, Vol 17, Iss 17, p 4323 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma17174323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174323","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174323","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/17/4323/pdf?version=1725078035","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":1.0}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335039","display_name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","ror":"https://ror.org/05pwfyy15"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402128752.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402128752.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1593813637","https://openalex.org/W1597578135","https://openalex.org/W1966174256","https://openalex.org/W1986402711","https://openalex.org/W1986629131","https://openalex.org/W2029351912","https://openalex.org/W2030348458","https://openalex.org/W2043621358","https://openalex.org/W2056790688","https://openalex.org/W2071103381","https://openalex.org/W2083127319","https://openalex.org/W2093750105","https://openalex.org/W2102647556","https://openalex.org/W2118835828","https://openalex.org/W2161318198","https://openalex.org/W2177384049","https://openalex.org/W2201805341","https://openalex.org/W2315953709","https://openalex.org/W2342348073","https://openalex.org/W2407314425","https://openalex.org/W2468944540","https://openalex.org/W2479754748","https://openalex.org/W2502043254","https://openalex.org/W2606962753","https://openalex.org/W2706776353","https://openalex.org/W2709073124","https://openalex.org/W2715106560","https://openalex.org/W2752009262","https://openalex.org/W2765728423","https://openalex.org/W2765765398","https://openalex.org/W2892209683","https://openalex.org/W2911680507","https://openalex.org/W2921571282","https://openalex.org/W2940143003","https://openalex.org/W2942874266","https://openalex.org/W2973058094","https://openalex.org/W2996227911","https://openalex.org/W3024619184","https://openalex.org/W3034732332","https://openalex.org/W3043054626","https://openalex.org/W3170728469","https://openalex.org/W3188654842","https://openalex.org/W3201627685","https://openalex.org/W3204580846","https://openalex.org/W4206744503","https://openalex.org/W4210692073","https://openalex.org/W4214482459","https://openalex.org/W4220677816","https://openalex.org/W4221058699","https://openalex.org/W4280587489","https://openalex.org/W4293771727","https://openalex.org/W4308522721","https://openalex.org/W4313588790","https://openalex.org/W4317504875","https://openalex.org/W4319778193","https://openalex.org/W4324144749","https://openalex.org/W4327731264","https://openalex.org/W4362472750","https://openalex.org/W4384934226","https://openalex.org/W4386779430","https://openalex.org/W4391175767","https://openalex.org/W4392190039","https://openalex.org/W4394760593","https://openalex.org/W4399564758","https://openalex.org/W4399743850","https://openalex.org/W6743844916","https://openalex.org/W6777490041","https://openalex.org/W6806348491","https://openalex.org/W6810253406","https://openalex.org/W6854676899","https://openalex.org/W6855468851"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2146002464","https://openalex.org/W3162251891","https://openalex.org/W2270691207","https://openalex.org/W2119902975","https://openalex.org/W1522029423","https://openalex.org/W819723214","https://openalex.org/W2008399451","https://openalex.org/W2008315643","https://openalex.org/W4225700047","https://openalex.org/W197819698"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,27,43,63,85,104,163],"aim":[1],"of":[2,10,22,29,90,140,166,173],"the":[3,8,38,99,108,117,123,181],"research":[4],"was":[5,32,93,110,114,126,175],"to":[6,95,177],"assess":[7],"potential":[9,28,138],"bottom":[11,91,167],"ash":[12,36,92,97,109,168,179],"from":[13,37,98,131,148,180],"Polish":[14],"coal-fired":[15],"power":[16],"plants":[17],"as":[18,48,50,68,74,76,136,169],"an":[19,170],"alternative":[20,171],"source":[21,139,172],"rare":[23],"earth":[24],"elements":[25],"(REY).":[26],"these":[30,146],"ashes":[31,65],"compared":[33],"with":[34,80],"fly":[35,96,178],"same":[39,100,182],"coal":[40],"combustion":[41,102,184],"cycle.":[42,103,185],"phase":[44,86],"and":[45,57,71,78,87,113,122,152,154,161],"chemical":[46,88],"composition,":[47],"well":[49,75],"REY,":[51],"were":[52,66],"determined":[53],"using:":[54],"X-ray":[55],"diffraction":[56],"inductively":[58],"coupled":[59],"plasma":[60],"mass":[61],"spectrometry.":[62],"tested":[64],"classified":[67],"inert-low":[69],"pozzolanic":[70],"inert-medium":[72],"pozzolanic,":[73],"sialic":[77],"ferrosialic,":[79],"enrichment":[81],"in":[82,107,157],"detrital":[83],"material.":[84],"composition":[89],"similar":[94,176],"fuel":[101,183],"REY":[105,141,174],"content":[106],"199\u2013286":[111],"ppm":[112],"lower":[115],"than":[116],"average":[118],"for":[119,129],"global":[120],"deposits,":[121],"threshold":[124],"value":[125,165],"considered":[127],"profitable":[128],"recovery":[130],"coal.":[132],"Bottom":[133],"ash\u2019s":[134],"importance":[135],"a":[137],"will":[142],"increase":[143],"by":[144],"recovering":[145],"metals":[147],"separated":[149],"amorphous":[150],"glass":[151],"mullite":[153],"grains":[155],"rich":[156],"Al,":[158],"Mg,":[159],"K,":[160],"P.":[162],"industrial":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
