{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402017226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.61353/ma.0170109","title":"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1864 \u0645 \u2013 1914 \u0645","display_name":"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1864 \u0645 \u2013 1914 \u0645","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402017226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.61353/ma.0170109"},"language":"ar","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.61353/ma.0170109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.61353/ma.0170109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.61353/ma.0170109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4389157706","display_name":"\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f","issn_l":"2518-5519","issn":["2518-5519","3005-3587"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.61353/ma.0170109","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106814470","display_name":"\u0623.\u0645 .\u062f. \u0646\u0631\u062c\u0633 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0643\u062f\u0631\u0648","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090507","display_name":"AlAlamein International University","ror":"https://ror.org/0019h0z47","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090507"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u0623.\u0645 .\u062f. \u0646\u0631\u062c\u0633 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0643\u062f\u0631\u0648","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090507"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b: \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0648","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090507","display_name":"AlAlamein International University","ror":"https://ror.org/0019h0z47","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090507"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b: \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0648","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090507"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090507"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":"17","first_page":"109","last_page":"126"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10605","display_name":"Historical Economic and Social Studies","score":0.9169999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10605","display_name":"Historical Economic and Social Studies","score":0.9169999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13441","display_name":"Ottoman Empire History and Society","score":0.03180000185966492,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12999","display_name":"Medieval History and Crusades","score":0.006500000134110451,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-policy","display_name":"economic policy","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jerusalem","display_name":"Jerusalem","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ottoman-palestine","display_name":"Ottoman Palestine","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-history","display_name":"industrial history","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raw-materials","display_name":"raw materials","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade","display_name":"trade","score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-and-external-trade","display_name":"internal and external trade","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/currency","display_name":"currency","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weights-and-measures","display_name":"weights and measures","score":0.9800000190734863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2916191518306732}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.61353/ma.0170109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.61353/ma.0170109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.61353/ma.0170109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4389157706","display_name":"\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f","issn_l":"2518-5519","issn":["2518-5519","3005-3587"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.61353/ma.0170109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.61353/ma.0170109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.61353/ma.0170109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4389157706","display_name":"\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f","issn_l":"2518-5519","issn":["2518-5519","3005-3587"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.48510000109672546,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3129762318","https://openalex.org/W2911095765","https://openalex.org/W2125200667","https://openalex.org/W2622375571","https://openalex.org/W4414654366","https://openalex.org/W2314968120","https://openalex.org/W7128960056","https://openalex.org/W3120277386","https://openalex.org/W4415364328","https://openalex.org/W4411563967"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641":[0],"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b":[1,21],"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a":[2],"\u0625\u0644\u0649":[3],"\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644":[4],"\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639":[5],"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629":[6],"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629":[7],"\u0641\u064a":[8,31,71,94],"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633":[9],"\u0628\u064a\u0646":[10,81],"\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a":[11],"1864\u0645":[12],"\u2013":[13],"1914\u0645\u060c":[14],"\u0623\u0645\u0627":[15],"\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629":[16],"\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632":[17],"\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628":[18],"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a":[19,28,36,46,50,68,78,91],"\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627":[20],"\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647":[22],"\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646":[23],"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b":[24],"\u0639\u0646":[25,52,60],"\u0623\u0647\u0645":[26,76,87],"\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a":[27,41],"\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a":[29,69,79,92],"\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629":[30],"\u062a\u0644\u0643":[32,72],"\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629\u060c":[33],"\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f":[34],"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629":[35],"\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a":[37],"\u0639\u0644\u0649":[38],"\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645":[39],"\u0647\u0630\u0647":[40,56],"\u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c":[42],"\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629":[43,58],"\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645":[44],"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a":[45],"\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a\u060c":[47],"\u0648\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632":[48,65],"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a":[49],"\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a":[51],"\u0643\u0644":[53],"\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629":[54],"\u0645\u0646":[55],"\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c":[57],"\u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b":[59],"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629":[61],"\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0627":[62],"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629":[63],"\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c":[64],"\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628":[66],"\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645":[67],"\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629":[70],"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629\u060c":[73],"\u062b\u0645":[74],"\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d":[75],"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a":[77],"\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629":[80],"\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646":[82],"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633\u060c":[83],"\u0648\u0641\u064a":[84],"\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629":[85],"\u0646\u0648\u0636\u062d":[86],"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646":[88],"\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633":[89],"\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0644":[90],"\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629":[93],"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633.":[95]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2024-08-30T00:00:00"}
