{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401831736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104366","title":"Once a driver, always a driver \u2014 Manual driving style persists in automated driving takeover","display_name":"Once a driver, always a driver \u2014 Manual driving style persists in automated driving takeover","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401831736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104366","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39178553"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104366","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S94432539","display_name":"Applied Ergonomics","issn_l":"0003-6870","issn":["0003-6870","1872-9126"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Ergonomics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104366","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037003206","display_name":"Joost de Winter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1281-8200","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1281-8200"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joost C.F. de Winter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cognitive Robotics, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands. Electronic address: j.c.f.dewinter@tudelft.nl"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1281-8200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Robotics, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands. Electronic address: j.c.f.dewinter@tudelft.nl","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106694706","display_name":"Koen Verschoor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0336-9148","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0336-9148"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koen Verschoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cognitive Robotics, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0336-9148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Robotics, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055990083","display_name":"Fabian Doubek","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabian Doubek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cognitive Robotics, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands; Department of Connectivity, Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG, Stuttgart, Germany; CARIAD, Wolfsburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Robotics, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands; Department of Connectivity, Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG, Stuttgart, Germany; CARIAD, Wolfsburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002136525","display_name":"Riender Happee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5878-3472","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5878-3472"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riender Happee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cognitive Robotics, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5878-3472","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Robotics, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"fwci":3.7749,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.930107,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"121","issue":null,"first_page":"104366","last_page":"104366"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10805","display_name":"Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomous-driving","display_name":"autonomous driving","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-takeover","display_name":"human takeover","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-experience","display_name":"driving experience","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/headway","display_name":"headway","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transition-of-control","display_name":"transition of control","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driver-adaptation","display_name":"driver adaptation","score":0.382999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-simulator","display_name":"driving simulator","score":0.5270000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1792644","display_name":"Style (visual arts)","level":2,"score":0.4540588855743408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3866388201713562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34599924087524414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.3364771008491516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.053080201148986816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001336","descriptor_name":"Automobiles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001336","descriptor_name":"Automobiles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001336","descriptor_name":"Automobiles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012449","descriptor_name":"Safety","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012449","descriptor_name":"Safety","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012449","descriptor_name":"Safety","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104366","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S94432539","display_name":"Applied Ergonomics","issn_l":"0003-6870","issn":["0003-6870","1872-9126"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Ergonomics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39178553","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39178553","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied ergonomics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104366","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S94432539","display_name":"Applied Ergonomics","issn_l":"0003-6870","issn":["0003-6870","1872-9126"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Ergonomics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W100580236","https://openalex.org/W632807454","https://openalex.org/W635669920","https://openalex.org/W1574352389","https://openalex.org/W1931305913","https://openalex.org/W1963951037","https://openalex.org/W1967679139","https://openalex.org/W1969584280","https://openalex.org/W1970340312","https://openalex.org/W2009386954","https://openalex.org/W2010620508","https://openalex.org/W2019338309","https://openalex.org/W2040305828","https://openalex.org/W2051610335","https://openalex.org/W2056023396","https://openalex.org/W2102216208","https://openalex.org/W2102595860","https://openalex.org/W2117648507","https://openalex.org/W2130483829","https://openalex.org/W2137870832","https://openalex.org/W2143318894","https://openalex.org/W2151905266","https://openalex.org/W2179000108","https://openalex.org/W2301212998","https://openalex.org/W2546655401","https://openalex.org/W2560274474","https://openalex.org/W2579937995","https://openalex.org/W2596596865","https://openalex.org/W2605040103","https://openalex.org/W2743280949","https://openalex.org/W2763945909","https://openalex.org/W2765115394","https://openalex.org/W2795577589","https://openalex.org/W2809859246","https://openalex.org/W2887894498","https://openalex.org/W2901836007","https://openalex.org/W2913505839","https://openalex.org/W2919609362","https://openalex.org/W2928650848","https://openalex.org/W2943046732","https://openalex.org/W2946388607","https://openalex.org/W2947652593","https://openalex.org/W2990444395","https://openalex.org/W3005933620","https://openalex.org/W3022819169","https://openalex.org/W3040171481","https://openalex.org/W3085403907","https://openalex.org/W3112181083","https://openalex.org/W3157786822","https://openalex.org/W3172962727","https://openalex.org/W3177354114","https://openalex.org/W3182348919","https://openalex.org/W3184621130","https://openalex.org/W4226058929","https://openalex.org/W4252820238","https://openalex.org/W4256197684","https://openalex.org/W4302039983","https://openalex.org/W4308437989","https://openalex.org/W6782442400"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2358190750"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"automated":[1,69,96,164,199],"vehicles":[2],"require":[3],"human":[4],"drivers":[5,74,159],"to":[6,34,88,120,182,204],"resume":[7],"control":[8,66,161],"in":[9,32,78],"critical":[10],"situations,":[11],"predicting":[12,29],"driver":[13,35,152],"takeover":[14,30,62,124,146,184],"behaviour":[15,31,54,63,147,177,203],"could":[16,188],"be":[17,121,189],"beneficial":[18],"for":[19,151,195],"safe":[20],"transitions":[21],"of":[22,46,60,105,123,128,141],"control.":[23],"While":[24],"previous":[25],"research":[26],"has":[27,41],"explored":[28],"relation":[33],"state":[36],"and":[37,114,145,178,186],"traits,":[38],"little":[39],"work":[40],"examined":[42],"the":[43,134,198],"predictive":[44,59,122],"value":[45],"manual":[47,56,85,109,142,175],"driving":[48,57,81,86,91,97,106,110,129,143,176,179,192,208],"style.":[49,209],"We":[50,71],"hypothesised":[51],"that":[52,157],"drivers'":[53],"during":[55],"is":[58,166,172],"their":[61,90,163],"when":[64],"resuming":[65],"from":[67,108,162],"an":[68,95,168],"vehicle.":[70],"assessed":[72],"38":[73],"with":[75,133,174],"varying":[76],"experience":[77,130],"a":[79,101,206],"high-fidelity":[80],"simulator.":[82],"After":[83],"completing":[84],"sessions":[87],"assess":[89],"style,":[92],"participants":[93],"performed":[94],"task,":[98],"typically":[99],"on":[100,191],"subsequent":[102],"date.":[103],"Measures":[104],"style":[107,144,193],"sessions,":[111],"including":[112],"headway":[113],"lane":[115],"change":[116],"speed,":[117],"were":[118],"found":[119],"behaviour.":[125],"The":[126],"level":[127],"was":[131],"associated":[132,173],"behavioural":[135],"measures,":[136,194],"but":[137,171],"correlations":[138],"between":[139],"measures":[140],"remained":[148],"after":[149],"controlling":[150],"experience.":[153,180],"Our":[154],"findings":[155],"demonstrate":[156],"how":[158],"reclaim":[160],"vehicle":[165,200],"not":[167],"isolated":[169],"phenomenon":[170],"Strategies":[181],"improve":[183],"safety":[185],"comfort":[187],"based":[190],"example":[196],"by":[197],"adapting":[201],"its":[202],"match":[205],"driver's":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}