{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401821900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.22(3).2024.27","title":"Assessing gender differences in managerial roles, wages, education, and soft skills in Kazakhstan","display_name":"Assessing gender differences in managerial roles, wages, education, and soft skills in Kazakhstan","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401821900","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.22(3).2024.27"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21511/ppm.22(3).2024.27","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.22(3).2024.27","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.22(3).2024.27","pdf_url":"https://www.businessperspectives.org/images/pdf/applications/publishing/templates/article/assets/20600/PPM_2024_03_Kenzheali.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764989054","display_name":"Problems and Perspectives in Management","issn_l":"1727-7051","issn":["1727-7051","1810-5467"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321069","host_organization_name":"Business Perspectives","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321069"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Business Perspectives"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Problems and Perspectives in Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.businessperspectives.org/images/pdf/applications/publishing/templates/article/assets/20600/PPM_2024_03_Kenzheali.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004950514","display_name":"Yerkezhan Kenzheali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1447-1298","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1447-1298"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130777500","display_name":"Turan University","ror":"https://ror.org/045mxyc94","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130777500"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108340","display_name":"University of International Business","ror":"https://ror.org/01rvqzw67","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108340"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405255559","display_name":"Institute of Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/0352k1g16","country_code":"KZ","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401200292","https://openalex.org/I4405255559"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yerkezhan Kenzheali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ph.D. Candidate, Finance and Accounting Department, University of International Business named K. Sagadiyev, Kazakhstan","Department of Regional Economy and Innovative Development,","Department, University of International Business named K. Sagadiyev, Kazakhstan","Faculty of Digital Technologies and Art, Turan University, Kazakhstan","Institute of Economics CS MSHE RK, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1447-1298","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ph.D. Candidate, Finance and Accounting Department, University of International Business named K. Sagadiyev, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108340"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Regional Economy and Innovative Development,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department, University of International Business named K. Sagadiyev, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108340"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Digital Technologies and Art, Turan University, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130777500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Economics CS MSHE RK, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405255559"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055862650","display_name":"Gaukhar K. Kenzhegulova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1232-4788","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1232-4788"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130777500","display_name":"Turan University","ror":"https://ror.org/045mxyc94","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130777500"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108340","display_name":"University of International Business","ror":"https://ror.org/01rvqzw67","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108340"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405255559","display_name":"Institute of Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/0352k1g16","country_code":"KZ","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401200292","https://openalex.org/I4405255559"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaukhar Kenzhegulova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ph.D. Candidate, Finance and Accounting Department, University of International Business named K. Sagadiyev, Kazakhstan","Department of Regional Economy and Innovative Development,","Department, University of International Business named K. Sagadiyev, Kazakhstan","Faculty of Digital Technologies and Art, Turan University, Kazakhstan","Institute of Economics CS MSHE RK, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1232-4788","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ph.D. Candidate, Finance and Accounting Department, University of International Business named K. Sagadiyev, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108340"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Regional Economy and Innovative Development,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department, University of International Business named K. Sagadiyev, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108340"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Digital Technologies and Art, Turan University, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130777500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Economics CS MSHE RK, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405255559"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053242301","display_name":"Anel A. Kireyeva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3412-3706","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3412-3706"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130777500","display_name":"Turan University","ror":"https://ror.org/045mxyc94","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130777500"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108340","display_name":"University of International Business","ror":"https://ror.org/01rvqzw67","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108340"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405255559","display_name":"Institute of Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/0352k1g16","country_code":"KZ","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401200292","https://openalex.org/I4405255559"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anel Kireyeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ph.D., Leading Researcher, Department of Regional Economy and Innovative Development, Institute of Economics CS MSHE RK, Kazakhstan","Department of Regional Economy and Innovative Development,","Department, University of International Business named K. Sagadiyev, Kazakhstan","Faculty of Digital Technologies and Art, Turan University, Kazakhstan","Finance and Accounting Department, University of International Business named K. Sagadiyev, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3412-3706","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ph.D., Leading Researcher, Department of Regional Economy and Innovative Development, Institute of Economics CS MSHE RK, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405255559"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Regional Economy and Innovative Development,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department, University of International Business named K. Sagadiyev, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108340"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Digital Technologies and Art, Turan University, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130777500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finance and Accounting Department, University of International Business named K. Sagadiyev, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108340"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092855136","display_name":"Nazym Ainakul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6055-6217","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6055-6217"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130777500","display_name":"Turan University","ror":"https://ror.org/045mxyc94","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130777500"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108340","display_name":"University of International Business","ror":"https://ror.org/01rvqzw67","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108340"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405255559","display_name":"Institute of Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/0352k1g16","country_code":"KZ","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401200292","https://openalex.org/I4405255559"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nazym Ainakul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ph.D. in Economics, Acting Dean, Faculty of Digital Technologies and Art, Turan University, Kazakhstan","Department of Regional Economy and Innovative Development,","Department, University of International Business named K. Sagadiyev, Kazakhstan","Finance and Accounting Department, University of International Business named K. Sagadiyev, Kazakhstan","Institute of Economics CS MSHE RK, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ph.D. in Economics, Acting Dean, Faculty of Digital Technologies and Art, Turan University, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130777500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Regional Economy and Innovative Development,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department, University of International Business named K. Sagadiyev, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108340"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finance and Accounting Department, University of International Business named K. Sagadiyev, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108340"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Economics CS MSHE RK, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405255559"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":685,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":738},"apc_paid":{"value":685,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":738},"fwci":1.9018,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83893455,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"3","first_page":"341","last_page":"357"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13989","display_name":"Labour Market and Migration","score":0.6987000107765198,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13989","display_name":"Labour Market and Migration","score":0.6987000107765198,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.2102999985218048,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13911","display_name":"Employment, Labor, and Gender Studies","score":0.04729999974370003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1410","display_name":"Industrial relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-disparities","display_name":"gender disparities","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-in-management","display_name":"women in management","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/managerial-roles","display_name":"managerial roles","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wage-gap","display_name":"wage gap","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-skills","display_name":"soft skills","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-education","display_name":"women's education","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-employment","display_name":"women's employment","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-financial-institutions","display_name":"state financial institutions","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-equity","display_name":"gender equity","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kazakhstan","display_name":"Kazakhstan","score":0.9649999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43075056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15910354","display_name":"Soft skills","level":2,"score":0.8250524401664734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41458344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732577","display_name":"Publication","level":2,"score":0.7618554830551147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83867959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371467","display_name":"Scopus","level":3,"score":0.7172138690948486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.7158812284469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777482740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232932","display_name":"Open access journal","level":4,"score":0.534267008304596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3908202350139618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3612428307533264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.31290203332901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2681579887866974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2494172751903534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.18341058492660522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.18101027607917786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.12581056356430054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21511/ppm.22(3).2024.27","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.22(3).2024.27","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.22(3).2024.27","pdf_url":"https://www.businessperspectives.org/images/pdf/applications/publishing/templates/article/assets/20600/PPM_2024_03_Kenzheali.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764989054","display_name":"Problems and Perspectives in Management","issn_l":"1727-7051","issn":["1727-7051","1810-5467"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321069","host_organization_name":"Business Perspectives","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321069"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Business Perspectives"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Problems and Perspectives in Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5e3eb5e672a844cc82b18e2b47a7e474","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5e3eb5e672a844cc82b18e2b47a7e474","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Problems and Perspectives in Management, Vol 22, Iss 3, Pp 341-357 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21511/ppm.22(3).2024.27","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.22(3).2024.27","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.22(3).2024.27","pdf_url":"https://www.businessperspectives.org/images/pdf/applications/publishing/templates/article/assets/20600/PPM_2024_03_Kenzheali.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764989054","display_name":"Problems and Perspectives in Management","issn_l":"1727-7051","issn":["1727-7051","1810-5467"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321069","host_organization_name":"Business Perspectives","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321069"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Business Perspectives"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Problems and Perspectives in Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":1.0,"display_name":"Gender equality"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":1.0,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.9211000204086304,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401821900.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401821900.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2004061918","https://openalex.org/W2008060831","https://openalex.org/W2016395556","https://openalex.org/W2020278424","https://openalex.org/W2065207783","https://openalex.org/W2073518683","https://openalex.org/W2134245232","https://openalex.org/W2139095040","https://openalex.org/W2143291310","https://openalex.org/W2154380314","https://openalex.org/W2158834708","https://openalex.org/W2160239290","https://openalex.org/W2168128109","https://openalex.org/W2170508806","https://openalex.org/W2791119975","https://openalex.org/W2795106982","https://openalex.org/W2944709343","https://openalex.org/W2946744608","https://openalex.org/W2964769231","https://openalex.org/W3008141887","https://openalex.org/W3019561721","https://openalex.org/W3020733283","https://openalex.org/W3022262451","https://openalex.org/W3036176634","https://openalex.org/W3123015728","https://openalex.org/W3205949992","https://openalex.org/W4213076034","https://openalex.org/W4253449716","https://openalex.org/W4285103499","https://openalex.org/W4298055700","https://openalex.org/W4383223815","https://openalex.org/W4389783898","https://openalex.org/W4401263854"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4407574506","https://openalex.org/W4407574547","https://openalex.org/W7124275247","https://openalex.org/W7222120210","https://openalex.org/W7221979963","https://openalex.org/W4415375169","https://openalex.org/W4415907303","https://openalex.org/W4394622659","https://openalex.org/W7135170826","https://openalex.org/W7051842078"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gender":[0],"disparities":[1,133],"affect":[2],"employment,":[3],"education,":[4],"social":[5],"interactions,":[6],"and":[7,31,39,64,103,116,167,218,239],"managerial":[8,25,185,201],"roles.":[9],"Therefore,":[10],"this":[11],"study":[12,226],"aimed":[13],"to":[14,48,122,173,221],"conduct":[15],"a":[16,157],"complex":[17],"analysis":[18,35],"of":[19,53,56,59,74,83,139,182,234,237,242,245],"differences":[20],"based":[21,78,112],"on":[22,79,113,131],"representation":[23,181],"in":[24,93,150,170,184,187,200,203],"positions,":[26],"wage":[27],"levels,":[28],"educational":[29],"opportunities,":[30],"soft":[32,85,140],"skills.":[33],"The":[34,127,179,211],"combines":[36],"both":[37],"qualitative":[38],"quantitative":[40],"data.":[41],"Quantitative":[42],"data":[43,69],"were":[44,70],"collected":[45],"from":[46,50],"2009":[47],"2022":[49],"the":[51,57,61,65,84,89,124,137,145,151,176,231,235,243],"Bureau":[52],"National":[54,62],"Statistics":[55],"Republic":[58,244],"Kazakhstan,":[60],"Bank,":[63],"World":[66],"Bank.":[67],"Qualitative":[68],"obtained":[71],"through":[72],"surveys":[73],"652":[75],"respondents":[76],"filtered":[77],"their":[80,114,148],"correct":[81],"understanding":[82],"skills":[86],"concept.":[87],"Further,":[88],"Index":[90],"for":[91,147,165,198,216],"Stereotypes":[92],"Women\u2019s":[94],"Employment":[95],"(ISWE)":[96],"was":[97,134],"developed":[98],"by":[99,108,136,230],"identifying":[100],"key":[101],"indicators":[102],"gathering":[104],"relevant":[105],"data,":[106],"followed":[107],"assigning":[109],"weight":[110],"coefficients":[111],"significance":[115],"ultimately":[117],"combining":[118],"these":[119],"weighted":[120],"impacts":[121],"compute":[123],"total":[125],"index.":[126],"most":[128],"significant":[129,158],"impact":[130],"gender":[132,223],"shown":[135],"assessment":[138],"skills,":[141],"contributing":[142,160],"13.1115,":[143],"highlighting":[144],"need":[146],"recognition":[149],"labor":[152],"market.":[153],"Educational":[154],"opportunities":[155,164],"had":[156],"impact,":[159],"2.1945,":[161],"emphasizing":[162],"equal":[163],"women":[166,183,199],"men.":[168],"Differences":[169],"wages":[171],"contributed":[172,194,209],"1.394,":[174],"indicating":[175],"pay":[177],"gap.":[178],"low":[180],"positions":[186,202],"state":[188,204],"financial":[189],"institutions":[190],"(including":[191],"second-tier":[192],"banks)":[193],"0.685,":[195],"while":[196],"barriers":[197],"holdings":[205],"across":[206],"various":[207],"sectors":[208],"1.485.":[210],"findings":[212],"offer":[213],"actionable":[214],"insights":[215],"policymakers":[217],"stakeholders":[219],"committed":[220],"promoting":[222],"equity.":[224],"AcknowledgmentsThis":[225],"has":[227],"been":[228],"funded":[229],"Science":[232,238],"Committee":[233],"Ministry":[236],"Higher":[240],"Education":[241],"Kazakhstan":[246],"Grant":[247],"No.":[248],"BR18574240.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2024-08-24T00:00:00"}
