{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401804202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7090298","title":"Experimental Study on Early Fire Smoke Characteristics in a High-Volume Space: A Fire Detection Perspective","display_name":"Experimental Study on Early Fire Smoke Characteristics in a High-Volume Space: A Fire Detection Perspective","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401804202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7090298"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fire7090298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7090298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7090298","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/7/9/298/pdf?version=1724405400","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172554","display_name":"Fire","issn_l":"2571-6255","issn":["2571-6255"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fire","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/7/9/298/pdf?version=1724405400","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Li Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141888","display_name":"Shenyang Fire Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040nzs042","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302611135","https://openalex.org/I4210141888"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Li Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Fire Prevention Technology, Shenyang 110034, China","National Engineering Research Center of Fire and Emergency Rescue, Shenyang 110034, China","Shenyang Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of MEM, Shenyang 110034, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Fire Prevention Technology, Shenyang 110034, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Fire and Emergency Rescue, Shenyang 110034, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141888"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenyang Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of MEM, Shenyang 110034, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141888"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xi Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141888","display_name":"Shenyang Fire Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040nzs042","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302611135","https://openalex.org/I4210141888"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Fire Prevention Technology, Shenyang 110034, China","National Engineering Research Center of Fire and Emergency Rescue, Shenyang 110034, China","Shenyang Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of MEM, Shenyang 110034, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Fire Prevention Technology, Shenyang 110034, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Fire and Emergency Rescue, Shenyang 110034, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141888"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenyang Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of MEM, Shenyang 110034, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141888"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011224685","display_name":"Liming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0415-3421","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0415-3421"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141888","display_name":"Shenyang Fire Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040nzs042","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302611135","https://openalex.org/I4210141888"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Fire Prevention Technology, Shenyang 110034, China","National Engineering Research Center of Fire and Emergency Rescue, Shenyang 110034, China","Shenyang Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of MEM, Shenyang 110034, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Fire Prevention Technology, Shenyang 110034, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Fire and Emergency Rescue, Shenyang 110034, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141888"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenyang Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of MEM, Shenyang 110034, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141888"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017303946","display_name":"Boning Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8459-750X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8459-750X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141888","display_name":"Shenyang Fire Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040nzs042","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302611135","https://openalex.org/I4210141888"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boning Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Fire Prevention Technology, Shenyang 110034, China","National Engineering Research Center of Fire and Emergency Rescue, Shenyang 110034, China","Shenyang Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of MEM, Shenyang 110034, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Fire Prevention Technology, Shenyang 110034, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Fire and Emergency Rescue, Shenyang 110034, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141888"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenyang Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of MEM, Shenyang 110034, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141888"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032153137","display_name":"Zhibin Mei","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141888","display_name":"Shenyang Fire Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040nzs042","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302611135","https://openalex.org/I4210141888"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhibin Mei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Fire Prevention Technology, Shenyang 110034, China","National Engineering Research Center of Fire and Emergency Rescue, Shenyang 110034, China","Shenyang Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of MEM, Shenyang 110034, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Fire Prevention Technology, Shenyang 110034, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Fire and Emergency Rescue, Shenyang 110034, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141888"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenyang Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of MEM, Shenyang 110034, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141888"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141888"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2728},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2728},"fwci":1.3664,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78245463,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"9","first_page":"298","last_page":"298"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11317","display_name":"Fire dynamics and safety research","score":0.9326000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11317","display_name":"Fire dynamics and safety research","score":0.9326000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.06710000336170197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12102","display_name":"Fire effects on concrete materials","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-fire-detection","display_name":"early fire detection","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-size-distribution","display_name":"particle size distribution","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoke-temperature","display_name":"smoke temperature","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoke-concentration","display_name":"smoke concentration","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightweight-sensors","display_name":"lightweight sensors","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/building-collapse-risk","display_name":"building collapse risk","score":0.40700000524520874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58874564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130768","display_name":"Smoke","level":2,"score":0.806302547454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557531904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897825","display_name":"Firefighting","level":2,"score":0.6288079023361206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780836893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19922674","display_name":"Fire detection","level":2,"score":0.6213768720626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.583725094795227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.5833669900894165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105923489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235","display_name":"Combustion","level":2,"score":0.5410128831863403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122156500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41399","display_name":"Fire protection","level":2,"score":0.4107006788253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.388633668422699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3210029602050781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.2800641655921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23237377405166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.19501477479934692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.19017750024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.13747185468673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10754036903381348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.07797780632972717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fire7090298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7090298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7090298","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/7/9/298/pdf?version=1724405400","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172554","display_name":"Fire","issn_l":"2571-6255","issn":["2571-6255"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fire","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3a156eef468a48409ca40ba67a7a74f8","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3a156eef468a48409ca40ba67a7a74f8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fire, Vol 7, Iss 9, p 298 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fire7090298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7090298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7090298","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/7/9/298/pdf?version=1724405400","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172554","display_name":"Fire","issn_l":"2571-6255","issn":["2571-6255"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fire","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2243393731","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFC3001603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000276535","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CA518","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401804202.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401804202.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007217085","https://openalex.org/W2024913893","https://openalex.org/W2041799184","https://openalex.org/W2044806429","https://openalex.org/W2047809873","https://openalex.org/W2069101109","https://openalex.org/W2074205869","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2162005666","https://openalex.org/W2223783218","https://openalex.org/W2356519414","https://openalex.org/W2365115118","https://openalex.org/W2699759239","https://openalex.org/W2791429641","https://openalex.org/W2814509108","https://openalex.org/W2900072638","https://openalex.org/W2922022299","https://openalex.org/W2992787820","https://openalex.org/W2999080892","https://openalex.org/W3001319688","https://openalex.org/W3022833776","https://openalex.org/W3033717541","https://openalex.org/W3039133471","https://openalex.org/W3089456796","https://openalex.org/W3121541891","https://openalex.org/W3154284287","https://openalex.org/W3171957868","https://openalex.org/W3200552992","https://openalex.org/W3202954110","https://openalex.org/W4224019129","https://openalex.org/W4243992646","https://openalex.org/W4247591450","https://openalex.org/W4285732040","https://openalex.org/W4295181327","https://openalex.org/W4306972443","https://openalex.org/W4362584473","https://openalex.org/W4367596458","https://openalex.org/W4379184168","https://openalex.org/W4380355730","https://openalex.org/W4382680458","https://openalex.org/W4386936423","https://openalex.org/W4387812929","https://openalex.org/W4388409314","https://openalex.org/W4392301957"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7161174290","https://openalex.org/W1979515771","https://openalex.org/W2021171354","https://openalex.org/W2157242204","https://openalex.org/W2286479976","https://openalex.org/W7131674220","https://openalex.org/W2080317237","https://openalex.org/W2353978096","https://openalex.org/W4367596458","https://openalex.org/W2379894362"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High-volume":[0],"space":[1],"structures":[2],"are":[3],"characterized":[4],"by":[5],"high":[6],"combustible":[7],"loads,":[8],"rapid":[9],"fire":[10,22,30,83,106,144,166,197,213],"development,":[11],"difficulty":[12],"in":[13,46,72,146,156,200],"firefighting,":[14],"and":[15,114,134,139,160,182,203,211,216],"potential":[16],"building":[17],"collapse":[18],"risks,":[19],"making":[20],"early":[21,29,67,82,143,165,196],"detection":[23,31,84,145,214],"particularly":[24],"crucial.":[25],"The":[26,129],"effectiveness":[27],"of":[28,42,55,61,70,81,136,164,174,195],"technologies":[32,85],"relies":[33],"on":[34,58,105,142],"their":[35,140],"ability":[36],"to":[37,39,123],"adapt":[38],"the":[40,47,59,62,66,79,100,132,150,157,193],"characteristics":[41,60],"smoke-dominant":[43],"combustion":[44],"products":[45],"protected":[48],"space.":[49],"However,":[50],"there":[51],"is":[52],"a":[53,184],"lack":[54],"targeted":[56],"research":[57,191],"smoke":[63,107,167,198],"generated":[64],"during":[65],"low-power":[68],"stages":[69],"fires":[71],"high-volume":[73,147],"spaces,":[74],"which":[75],"has":[76],"not":[77],"supported":[78],"development":[80],"for":[86,99,149,187,207],"such":[87,109],"environments.":[88],"To":[89],"address":[90],"this,":[91],"this":[92],"paper":[93],"presents":[94],"an":[95],"experimental":[96],"study":[97,130],"that,":[98],"first":[101,151],"time,":[102,152],"collects":[103],"data":[104],"parameters":[108,138],"as":[110],"temperature,":[111],"velocity,":[112],"concentration,":[113],"particle":[115,161,175],"size":[116,162,176],"at":[117],"heights":[118],"ranging":[119],"from":[120],"6.5":[121],"m":[122,125],"18.5":[124],"using":[126],"lightweight":[127],"sensors.":[128],"analyzes":[131],"characteristic":[133],"correlations":[135],"these":[137,188],"impact":[141],"spaces":[148,202],"presenting":[153],"variation":[154],"patterns":[155,173],"plume":[158],"velocity":[159],"distribution":[163],"with":[168,179],"height.":[169],"It":[170],"identifies":[171],"three":[172],"distribution,":[177],"contrasting":[178],"previous":[180],"studies,":[181],"offers":[183,204],"qualitative":[185],"explanation":[186],"findings.":[189],"This":[190],"enhances":[192],"understanding":[194],"signals":[199],"large":[201],"valuable":[205],"insights":[206],"developing":[208],"more":[209],"accurate":[210],"efficient":[212],"strategies":[215],"technologies.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2024-08-24T00:00:00"}
