{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401704792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2024.21672","title":"Classification, military applications, and opportunities of unmanned aerial vehicles","display_name":"Classification, military applications, and opportunities of unmanned aerial vehicles","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401704792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2024.21672"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3846/aviation.2024.21672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2024.21672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2024.21672","pdf_url":"https://journals.vilniustech.lt/index.php/Aviation/article/download/21672/12376","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121845880","display_name":"Aviation","issn_l":"1648-7788","issn":["1648-7788","1822-4180"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317518","host_organization_name":"Vilnius Gediminas Technical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317518"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Vilnius Gediminas Technical University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Aviation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://journals.vilniustech.lt/index.php/Aviation/article/download/21672/12376","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092304399","display_name":"Linker Criollo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0993-4044","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0993-4044"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linker Criollo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0993-4044","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101902796","display_name":"Carlos Mena-Arciniega","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5882-8615","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5882-8615"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Mena-Arciniega","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5882-8615","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083692010","display_name":"Xing Quan Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5002-3030","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5002-3030"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shen Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5002-3030","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.8926,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98719932,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"2","first_page":"115","last_page":"127"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14423","display_name":"Military Technology and Strategies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14423","display_name":"Military Technology and Strategies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12888","display_name":"Military Strategy and Technology","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12125","display_name":"Aerospace and Aviation Technology","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unmanned-aerial-vehicles","display_name":"unmanned aerial vehicles","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-drones","display_name":"military drones","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uav-classification","display_name":"UAV classification","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-security","display_name":"national security","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-technology-policy","display_name":"defense technology policy","score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-propulsion","display_name":"electric propulsion","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-materials","display_name":"smart materials","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecuador","display_name":"Ecuador","score":0.414000004529953}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.7462146282196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5811426639556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.5544435977935791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.46680572628974915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4650837779045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779669469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895508","display_name":"Battlefield","level":2,"score":0.4444776475429535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528167355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258307","display_name":"National security","level":2,"score":0.4403287172317505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.4302721917629242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3547678589820862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10884669423103333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3846/aviation.2024.21672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2024.21672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2024.21672","pdf_url":"https://journals.vilniustech.lt/index.php/Aviation/article/download/21672/12376","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121845880","display_name":"Aviation","issn_l":"1648-7788","issn":["1648-7788","1822-4180"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317518","host_organization_name":"Vilnius Gediminas Technical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317518"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Vilnius Gediminas Technical University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Aviation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:28bf22b026914cbc873c99dd7795d2ca","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/28bf22b026914cbc873c99dd7795d2ca","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Aviation, Vol 28, Iss 2 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3846/aviation.2024.21672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2024.21672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2024.21672","pdf_url":"https://journals.vilniustech.lt/index.php/Aviation/article/download/21672/12376","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121845880","display_name":"Aviation","issn_l":"1648-7788","issn":["1648-7788","1822-4180"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317518","host_organization_name":"Vilnius Gediminas Technical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317518"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Vilnius Gediminas Technical University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Aviation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.651199996471405}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401704792.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401704792.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39722374","https://openalex.org/W1559906913","https://openalex.org/W2093048429","https://openalex.org/W2093324496","https://openalex.org/W2105235446","https://openalex.org/W2116404709","https://openalex.org/W2120225005","https://openalex.org/W2147992723","https://openalex.org/W2227171621","https://openalex.org/W2471528840","https://openalex.org/W2552431219","https://openalex.org/W2610728744","https://openalex.org/W2613324820","https://openalex.org/W2719210577","https://openalex.org/W2762638707","https://openalex.org/W2792258664","https://openalex.org/W2796364989","https://openalex.org/W2928451030","https://openalex.org/W2954544872","https://openalex.org/W2972581989","https://openalex.org/W2978888287","https://openalex.org/W2978919252","https://openalex.org/W2992060177","https://openalex.org/W2995955380","https://openalex.org/W3008565796","https://openalex.org/W3012527955","https://openalex.org/W3022095849","https://openalex.org/W3034344176","https://openalex.org/W3047954241","https://openalex.org/W3091213782","https://openalex.org/W3092412711","https://openalex.org/W3198444485","https://openalex.org/W3202906546","https://openalex.org/W3209194797","https://openalex.org/W4207003041","https://openalex.org/W4293150308","https://openalex.org/W4296071505","https://openalex.org/W4311252626","https://openalex.org/W4318705665","https://openalex.org/W4323981754","https://openalex.org/W4360973342","https://openalex.org/W4368368666","https://openalex.org/W4379743784"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4229448053","https://openalex.org/W4247925126","https://openalex.org/W4327774218","https://openalex.org/W2059768187","https://openalex.org/W4312858960","https://openalex.org/W4386036939","https://openalex.org/W4379143281","https://openalex.org/W2605096541","https://openalex.org/W3200286695","https://openalex.org/W2347227286"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0,106],"aerial":[1,107],"vehicles":[2],"(UAVs)":[3],"are":[4],"cutting-edge":[5],"technologies":[6,158],"used":[7],"for":[8,192],"military":[9,30,77,135,142,181],"purposes":[10],"world-wide":[11],"at":[12],"tactical,":[13],"operational,":[14],"and":[15,26,35,45,56,64,79,101,113,130,149,153,164,183,187],"strategic":[16],"levels.":[17],"This":[18,168],"study":[19,169],"provides":[20,131,170],"an":[21],"overview":[22],"of":[23,29,41,73,98,156,189],"the":[24,42,61,71,96,99,103,111,114,154,174,179],"history":[25],"current":[27],"state":[28],"drones,":[31],"considering":[32],"a":[33,39,84,120],"global":[34],"Ecuadorian":[36,175],"background.":[37],"Then,":[38],"classification":[40],"UAVs":[43,74,176],"developed":[44],"built":[46],"in":[47,75,146],"Ecuador":[48],"is":[49],"conducted":[50],"based":[51],"on":[52],"their":[53],"endurance,":[54],"altitude,":[55],"wing":[57],"span":[58],"to":[59,82,117,119,133],"understand":[60],"national":[62,121,193],"context":[63],"progress.":[65],"The":[66],"research":[67,128],"also":[68],"delves":[69],"into":[70,173],"applications":[72,186],"several":[76],"operations":[78,182],"missions,":[80],"aiming":[81],"create":[83],"framework":[85],"that":[86,123,177],"aligns":[87],"UAV":[88,141],"capabilities":[89,136],"with":[90],"specific":[91],"operational":[92],"needs;":[93],"this":[94,125,127,190],"permits":[95],"identification":[97],"challenges":[100],"opportunities":[102],"country":[104],"faces.":[105],"systems":[108],"have":[109],"changed":[110],"battlefield,":[112],"government":[115],"needs":[116],"adapt":[118],"strategy":[122],"incorporates":[124],"technology;":[126],"analyzes":[129],"insights":[132,172],"improve":[134],"such":[137],"as":[138],"exploring":[139],"modern":[140],"applications,":[143],"technical":[144],"updates":[145],"communication,":[147],"navigation,":[148],"data":[150],"acquisition":[151],"systems;":[152],"integration":[155],"emerging":[157],"like":[159],"smart":[160],"materials,":[161],"artificial":[162],"intelligence,":[163],"electric":[165],"propulsion":[166],"systems.":[167],"valuable":[171],"enhance":[178],"country\u2019s":[180],"offer":[184],"some":[185],"uses":[188],"technology":[191],"security.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
