{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401574641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69890-7","title":"Fault detection and diagnosis of grid-connected photovoltaic systems using energy valley optimizer based lightweight CNN and wavelet transform","display_name":"Fault detection and diagnosis of grid-connected photovoltaic systems using energy valley optimizer based lightweight CNN and wavelet transform","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401574641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69890-7","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39143313","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11324763"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-024-69890-7","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69890-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69890-7","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-69890-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-69890-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016961023","display_name":"Ali Teta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-0365","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-0365"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086990","display_name":"Ziane Achour University of Djelfa","ror":"https://ror.org/000jvv118","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086990"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Teta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Automation and Industrial Diagnostics Laboratory LAADI, University of Djelfa, Djelfa, Algeria. ali.teta@univ-djelfa.dz","Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Djelfa, Djelfa, Algeria. ali.teta@univ-djelfa.dz","Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Djelfa, Djelfa, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Automation and Industrial Diagnostics Laboratory LAADI, University of Djelfa, Djelfa, Algeria. ali.teta@univ-djelfa.dz","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Djelfa, Djelfa, Algeria. ali.teta@univ-djelfa.dz","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Djelfa, Djelfa, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012962742","display_name":"Belkacem Korich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4904-6864","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4904-6864"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086990","display_name":"Ziane Achour University of Djelfa","ror":"https://ror.org/000jvv118","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086990"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Belkacem Korich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Automation and Industrial Diagnostics Laboratory LAADI, University of Djelfa, Djelfa, Algeria","Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Djelfa, Djelfa, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Automation and Industrial Diagnostics Laboratory LAADI, University of Djelfa, Djelfa, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Djelfa, Djelfa, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029056020","display_name":"Derradji Bakria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1741-9209","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1741-9209"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086990","display_name":"Ziane Achour University of Djelfa","ror":"https://ror.org/000jvv118","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086990"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derradji Bakria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Automation and Industrial Diagnostics Laboratory LAADI, University of Djelfa, Djelfa, Algeria","Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Djelfa, Djelfa, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Automation and Industrial Diagnostics Laboratory LAADI, University of Djelfa, Djelfa, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Djelfa, Djelfa, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036344765","display_name":"Nadji Hadroug","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6633-6645","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6633-6645"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086990","display_name":"Ziane Achour University of Djelfa","ror":"https://ror.org/000jvv118","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086990"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadji Hadroug","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Automation and Industrial Diagnostics Laboratory LAADI, University of Djelfa, Djelfa, Algeria","Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Djelfa, Djelfa, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Automation and Industrial Diagnostics Laboratory LAADI, University of Djelfa, Djelfa, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Djelfa, Djelfa, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082460351","display_name":"Abdelaziz Rabehi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8684-4754","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8684-4754"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086990","display_name":"Ziane Achour University of Djelfa","ror":"https://ror.org/000jvv118","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086990"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelaziz Rabehi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telecommunications and Smart Systems Laboratory, University of Djelfa, PO Box 3117, 17000, Djelfa, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecommunications and Smart Systems Laboratory, University of Djelfa, PO Box 3117, 17000, Djelfa, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mohammad Alsharef","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Alsharef","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015408396","display_name":"Mohit Bajaj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-457X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-457X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104941359","display_name":"Al-Ahliyya Amman University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xddhq60","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104941359"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1281160679","display_name":"Graphic Era Hill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01bb4h160","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1281160679"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60054993","display_name":"Graphic Era University","ror":"https://ror.org/03wqgqd89","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60054993"]}],"countries":["IN","JO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohit Bajaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, 248002, India. mb.czechia@gmail.com","Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, 248002, India. mb.czechia@gmail.com","Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan. mb.czechia@gmail.com","Department of Electrical Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, 248002, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, 248002, India. mb.czechia@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60054993"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, 248002, India. mb.czechia@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1281160679"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan. mb.czechia@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104941359"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun, 248002, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60054993"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086784392","display_name":"\u0404\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d \u041e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0417\u0410\u0419\u0426\u0415\u0412","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3303-471X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3303-471X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149851306","display_name":"National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine","ror":"https://ror.org/00je4t102","country_code":"UA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149851306"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099603","display_name":"Institute of Electrodynamics","ror":"https://ror.org/010c2f249","country_code":"UA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149851306","https://openalex.org/I4210099603"]}],"countries":["UA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ievgen Zaitsev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Information-Analytical and Technical Support of Nuclear Power Facilities Monitoring of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademika Palladina Avenue, 34-A, Kyiv, Ukraine. zaitsev@i.ua","Department of Theoretical Electrical Engineering and Diagnostics of Electrical Equipment, Institute of Electrodynamics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Peremogy, 56, Kyiv-57, 03680, Ukraine. zaitsev@i.ua","Department of Theoretical Electrical Engineering and Diagnostics of Electrical Equipment, Institute of Electrodynamics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Peremogy, 56, Kyiv-57, 03680, Ukraine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Information-Analytical and Technical Support of Nuclear Power Facilities Monitoring of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademika Palladina Avenue, 34-A, Kyiv, Ukraine. zaitsev@i.ua","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149851306"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Theoretical Electrical Engineering and Diagnostics of Electrical Equipment, Institute of Electrodynamics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Peremogy, 56, Kyiv-57, 03680, Ukraine. zaitsev@i.ua","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149851306","https://openalex.org/I4210099603"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Theoretical Electrical Engineering and Diagnostics of Electrical Equipment, Institute of Electrodynamics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Peremogy, 56, Kyiv-57, 03680, Ukraine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149851306","https://openalex.org/I4210099603"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108150810","display_name":"Sherif S. M. Ghoneim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sherif S. M. Ghoneim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015408396","https://openalex.org/A5016961023","https://openalex.org/A5086784392"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104941359","https://openalex.org/I1281160679","https://openalex.org/I149851306","https://openalex.org/I4210086990","https://openalex.org/I4210099603","https://openalex.org/I60054993"],"apc_list":{"value":2590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2590},"apc_paid":{"value":2590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2590},"fwci":9.3277,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":98,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99106714,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"18907","last_page":"18907"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12737","display_name":"Electrical Fault Detection and Protection","score":0.6693999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12737","display_name":"Electrical Fault Detection and Protection","score":0.6693999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.09009999781847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.06599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-diagnosis","display_name":"fault detection and diagnosis","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid-connected-photovoltaic-systems","display_name":"grid-connected photovoltaic systems","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightweight-convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"lightweight convolutional neural network","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wavelet-transform","display_name":"continuous wavelet transform","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalogram","display_name":"scalogram","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-devices","display_name":"edge devices","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-fault-classification","display_name":"multi-fault classification","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter-optimization","display_name":"hyperparameter optimization","score":0.4869999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7020612955093384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.6772818565368652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.5975257754325867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5902575850486755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.5556942224502563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5099421739578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4966767430305481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41740137338638306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38688403367996216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3368052840232849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.16738900542259216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1257438063621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.10932648181915283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08049118518829346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0754629373550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.06861582398414612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-024-69890-7","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69890-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69890-7","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-69890-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11324763","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11324763","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11324763/pdf/41598_2024_Article_69890.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sci Rep","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:39143313","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39143313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific reports","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:eb5ed0fafcba4d03bc842e07b5bf4b6a","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/eb5ed0fafcba4d03bc842e07b5bf4b6a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports, Vol 14, Iss 1, Pp 1-22 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-024-69890-7","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69890-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69890-7","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-69890-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.875,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"},{"score":0.5378999710083008,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4524031185","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TU-DSPP-2024-14","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","funder_display_name":"Taif University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401574641.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401574641.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2379354547","https://openalex.org/W2612445135","https://openalex.org/W2736941579","https://openalex.org/W2796210775","https://openalex.org/W2805756546","https://openalex.org/W2926172260","https://openalex.org/W2950179405","https://openalex.org/W2955168996","https://openalex.org/W2961566974","https://openalex.org/W2976504530","https://openalex.org/W3003160776","https://openalex.org/W3004904391","https://openalex.org/W3008241461","https://openalex.org/W3015219268","https://openalex.org/W3054560732","https://openalex.org/W3080624510","https://openalex.org/W3081831675","https://openalex.org/W3085486830","https://openalex.org/W3086786485","https://openalex.org/W3099762966","https://openalex.org/W3120491988","https://openalex.org/W3134391797","https://openalex.org/W3140854437","https://openalex.org/W3167640521","https://openalex.org/W3168997536","https://openalex.org/W3192032765","https://openalex.org/W3202820737","https://openalex.org/W3205473234","https://openalex.org/W4200415218","https://openalex.org/W4223614283","https://openalex.org/W4281252421","https://openalex.org/W4293064950","https://openalex.org/W4293241174","https://openalex.org/W4293693005","https://openalex.org/W4294204160","https://openalex.org/W4307434439","https://openalex.org/W4307449372","https://openalex.org/W4308446528","https://openalex.org/W4313492296","https://openalex.org/W4313563685","https://openalex.org/W4313854978","https://openalex.org/W4322488412","https://openalex.org/W4323304569","https://openalex.org/W4384938527","https://openalex.org/W4387303304","https://openalex.org/W4387722585","https://openalex.org/W4388654538","https://openalex.org/W4388741354","https://openalex.org/W4388948987","https://openalex.org/W4390767899","https://openalex.org/W4391610443","https://openalex.org/W6887900258"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7090204951","https://openalex.org/W4313216042","https://openalex.org/W4409724067","https://openalex.org/W4389633722","https://openalex.org/W4417048467","https://openalex.org/W4405599863","https://openalex.org/W7166684566","https://openalex.org/W3008241461","https://openalex.org/W4406524577","https://openalex.org/W4396759260"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Early":[0],"fault":[1,54,126],"detection":[2],"and":[3,16,31,46,83,89,94,101,120],"diagnosis":[4,71,127],"of":[5,60,123],"grid-connected":[6],"photovoltaic":[7],"systems":[8],"(GCPS)":[9],"is":[10,44,108],"imperative":[11],"to":[12,77],"improve":[13],"their":[14],"performance":[15,75,119],"reliability.":[17],"Low-cost":[18],"edge":[19],"devices":[20],"have":[21],"emerged":[22],"as":[23],"innovative":[24],"solutions":[25],"for":[26,53],"real-time":[27],"monitoring,":[28],"reducing":[29],"latency,":[30],"improving":[32],"response":[33],"times.":[34],"In":[35],"this":[36],"work,":[37],"a":[38,105],"lightweight":[39],"Convolutional":[40],"Neural":[41],"Network":[42],"(CNN)":[43],"designed":[45],"fine-tuned":[47],"using":[48,64],"Energy":[49],"Valley":[50],"Optimizer":[51],"(EVO)":[52],"diagnosis.":[55],"The":[56,69,114],"CNN":[57],"input":[58],"consists":[59],"two-dimensional":[61],"scalograms":[62],"generated":[63],"Continuous":[65],"Wavelet":[66],"Transform":[67],"(CWT).":[68],"proposed":[70,125],"technique":[72],"demonstrated":[73],"superior":[74],"compared":[76],"benchmark":[78],"architectures,":[79],"namely":[80],"MobileNet,":[81],"NASNetMobile,":[82],"InceptionV3,":[84],"achieving":[85],"higher":[86],"test":[87],"accuracies":[88],"lower":[90],"losses":[91],"on":[92,98],"binary":[93],"multi-fault":[95],"classification":[96],"tasks":[97],"balanced,":[99],"unbalanced,":[100],"noisy":[102],"datasets.":[103],"Further,":[104],"quantitative":[106],"comparison":[107],"conducted":[109],"with":[110],"similar":[111],"recent":[112],"studies.":[113],"obtained":[115],"results":[116],"indicate":[117],"good":[118],"high":[121],"reliability":[122],"the":[124],"method.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2024-08-15T00:00:00"}
