{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401463515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jmlp.2186","title":"The Wave of Terrorism in Outer Space and a Call to Counter","display_name":"The Wave of Terrorism in Outer Space and a Call to Counter","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401463515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jmlp.2186"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.47941/jmlp.2186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jmlp.2186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jmlp.2186","pdf_url":"https://carijournals.org/journals/JMLP/article/download/2186/2578","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387286417","display_name":"Journal of Modern Law and Policy","issn_l":"2958-7441","issn":["2958-7441"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Modern Law and Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://carijournals.org/journals/JMLP/article/download/2186/2578","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111272886","display_name":"Karikari Livingston","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Livingston Karikari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, LiangXiang Campus,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, LiangXiang Campus,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106380985","display_name":"Lazarus Obed Livingstone Banda","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lazarus Obed Livingstone Banda","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106373983","display_name":"Azimjon Ismatov","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azimjon Ismatov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, LiangXiang Campus,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, LiangXiang Campus,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100769324","display_name":"Guoyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9234-1747","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9234-1747"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14916226,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3","first_page":"14","last_page":"36"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.6435999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.6435999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12717","display_name":"Space exploration and regulation","score":0.3425000011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.006800000090152025,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-security","display_name":"space security","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterterrorism-strategy","display_name":"counterterrorism strategy","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-space-law","display_name":"international space law","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-systems","display_name":"satellite systems","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrorist-radicalization","display_name":"terrorist radicalization","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-and-terrorism","display_name":"internet and terrorism","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/september-11-attacks","display_name":"September 11 attacks","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mens-rea","display_name":"criminal intent","score":0.593999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.8819713592529297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.7222259640693665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3416483","display_name":"Radicalization","level":3,"score":0.6982506513595581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74248516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4169","display_name":"Outer space","level":3,"score":0.60186368227005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.502183198928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4799816310405731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.47054818272590637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4648899435997009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.37453150749206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3512241244316101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.32566171884536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3084593415260315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09214958548545837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.47941/jmlp.2186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jmlp.2186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jmlp.2186","pdf_url":"https://carijournals.org/journals/JMLP/article/download/2186/2578","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387286417","display_name":"Journal of Modern Law and Policy","issn_l":"2958-7441","issn":["2958-7441"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Modern Law and Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.47941/jmlp.2186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jmlp.2186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jmlp.2186","pdf_url":"https://carijournals.org/journals/JMLP/article/download/2186/2578","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387286417","display_name":"Journal of Modern Law and Policy","issn_l":"2958-7441","issn":["2958-7441"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Modern Law and Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8046000003814697,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401463515.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401463515.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W612025329","https://openalex.org/W2996005212","https://openalex.org/W3033743708"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2388883181","https://openalex.org/W4389018328","https://openalex.org/W2626622440","https://openalex.org/W4230480620","https://openalex.org/W3004742573","https://openalex.org/W1976122667","https://openalex.org/W2490218419","https://openalex.org/W2379002197","https://openalex.org/W2800245737","https://openalex.org/W3209634551"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose:":[0],"This":[1,25,45],"essay":[2],"will":[3,47,82,106,328],"look":[4],"at":[5,334],"the":[6,13,21,55,61,80,89,93,96,116,147,159,165,194,202,208,226,239,282,294,297,359],"potential":[7],"impact":[8],"of":[9,57,63,79,133,149,152,161,167,186,201,205,212,281,296,315],"terrorist":[10,179,300],"tactics":[11,31],"in":[12,36,85,95,115,129,193,217,229,330],"outer":[14,58],"space":[15,17,59,64,75,98,102,246],"on":[16,54,245,270,288,293],"security,":[18],"considering":[19],"both":[20],"attacker's":[22],"\u2018mens":[23],"rea\u2019.":[24],"research":[26],"aims":[27],"to":[28,73,87,124,174,233,275,304,339,342],"investigate":[29],"various":[30,331],"that":[32,154,255,285,326],"could":[33],"aid":[34],"policymakers":[35],"formulating":[37],"a":[38,121,150,170,199],"viable":[39],"counterterrorism":[40],"strategy":[41],"concerning":[42],"space.":[43],"Methodology:":[44],"study":[46],"be":[48,83,107,305,324],"methodically":[49],"carried":[50],"out":[51],"by":[52],"briefing":[53],"history":[56],"terrorism,":[60,103,317],"concept":[62],"terrorism":[65],",":[66],"cases,":[67],"theories,":[68],"possibility,":[69],"and":[70,127,164,207,220,267,278,322,337,354],"suggest":[71],"policies":[72],"counter":[74],"terrorism.":[76],"A":[77],"review":[78],"literature":[81],"conducted":[84],"order":[86],"understand":[88],"concept.":[90],"To":[91],"determine":[92],"gap":[94],"international":[97],"law":[99],"system":[100],"addressing":[101],"critical":[104],"examination":[105],"conducted.":[108],"Articles,":[109],"books,":[110],"conference":[111],"documents":[112],"were":[113],"used":[114,183],"article.":[117],"Findings:":[118],"Terrorism":[119],"is":[120,319,346,350],"serious":[122],"threat":[123,345],"global":[125],"peace":[126],"security":[128],"space,":[130],"taking":[131],"advantage":[132],"technological":[134],"advancements.":[135],"Terrorist":[136],"attacks":[137,216],"can":[138],"take":[139],"many":[140,312],"different":[141],"shapes,":[142],"but":[143],"they":[144,188],"are":[145,235],"always":[146],"result":[148,200],"series":[151],"events":[153],"frequently":[155],"start":[156],"with":[157],"radicalization,":[158],"development":[160],"extreme":[162],"opinions,":[163],"embrace":[166],"violence":[168],"as":[169,198,210,223,225,260],"tool":[171],"for":[172,184,250,358],"trying":[173],"bring":[175],"about":[176],"change.":[177],"Although":[178],"techniques":[180],"have":[181,189,292],"been":[182],"hundreds":[185],"years,":[187],"become":[190],"more":[191],"well-known":[192],"last":[195],"thirty":[196],"years":[197],"widespread":[203],"use":[204],"television":[206],"internet":[209],"multipliers":[211],"fear.":[213],"The":[214,344],"9/11":[215],"New":[218],"York":[219],"Washington,":[221],"DC,":[222],"well":[224],"IRA":[227],"bombs":[228],"London":[230],"from":[231],"1971":[232],"2000":[234],"two":[236],"instances.":[237],"In":[238],"same":[240],"time":[241],"frame,":[242],"society's":[243],"demand":[244],"has":[247],"grown":[248],"significantly":[249],"daily":[251,257],"needs.":[252],"Many":[253],"systems":[254,290],"affect":[256],"life,":[258],"such":[259],"financial":[261],"markets,":[262],"food":[263],"distribution":[264],"networks,":[265],"communication,":[266],"navigation,":[268],"depend":[269],"satellite":[271,289],"technology.":[272],"Unique":[273],"Contribution":[274],"Theory,":[276],"Practice":[277],"Policy:":[279],"Because":[280],"significant":[283],"effects":[284],"an":[286],"attack":[287],"would":[291],"majority":[295],"world's":[298],"population,":[299],"organizations":[301],"find":[302],"them":[303],"especially":[306],"appealing.":[307],"Even":[308],"though":[309],"there":[310,349],"aren't":[311],"documented":[313],"instances":[314],"space-related":[316],"it":[318,327],"nevertheless":[320],"possible":[321],"cannot":[323],"disregarded":[325],"recur":[329],"forms.":[332],"Politicians":[333],"all":[335],"levels\u2014national":[336],"international\u2014need":[338],"pay":[340],"attention":[341],"it.":[343],"apocalyptic":[347],"since":[348],"no":[351,355],"discourse":[352],"analysis":[353],"definitional":[356],"context":[357],"topic.":[360]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}