{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401425883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162892","title":"MGCET: MLP-mixer and Graph Convolutional Enhanced Transformer for Hyperspectral Image Classification","display_name":"MGCET: MLP-mixer and Graph Convolutional Enhanced Transformer for Hyperspectral Image Classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401425883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162892"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16162892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162892","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/16/2892/pdf?version=1723097366","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/16/2892/pdf?version=1723097366","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067624332","display_name":"Mohammed A. A. Al\u2010qaness","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6956-7641","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6956-7641"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135237710","display_name":"Zhejiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vevwk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed A. A. Al-qaness","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China","Zhejiang Institute of Optoelectronics, Jinhua 321004, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6956-7641","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Institute of Optoelectronics, Jinhua 321004, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102116862","display_name":"Guoyong Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4342-9213","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4342-9213"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135237710","display_name":"Zhejiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vevwk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoyong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4342-9213","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068367341","display_name":"Dalal AL-Alimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0322-3694","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0322-3694"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170535673","display_name":"Sana'a University","ror":"https://ror.org/04hcvaf32","country_code":"YE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170535673"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN","YE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dalal AL-Alimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Sana\u2019a University, Sana\u2019a 12544, Yemen","School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0322-3694","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Sana\u2019a University, Sana\u2019a 12544, Yemen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170535673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067624332"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3069},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3069},"fwci":1.1728,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76755807,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"16","first_page":"2892","last_page":"2892"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-image-classification","display_name":"hyperspectral image classification","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mlp-mixer","display_name":"MLP-Mixer","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vision-transformer","display_name":"vision transformer","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-spatial-feature-extraction","display_name":"spectral-spatial feature extraction","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-head-self-attention","display_name":"multi-head self-attention","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-convolution","display_name":"graph convolution","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-fusion","display_name":"feature fusion","score":0.6259999871253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.7278937101364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.47172823548316956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4500371813774109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44828781485557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4226086735725403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06311285495758057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.06132078170776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16162892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162892","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/16/2892/pdf?version=1723097366","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1935c7ea9b364341925d5733a320a632","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1935c7ea9b364341925d5733a320a632","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 16, Iss 16, p 2892 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs16162892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162892","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/16/2892/pdf?version=1723097366","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401425883.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401425883.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521436688","https://openalex.org/W2029061115","https://openalex.org/W2029316659","https://openalex.org/W2136251662","https://openalex.org/W2158400785","https://openalex.org/W2171171329","https://openalex.org/W2475283175","https://openalex.org/W2745252301","https://openalex.org/W2808098982","https://openalex.org/W2888119354","https://openalex.org/W2894165434","https://openalex.org/W2899003677","https://openalex.org/W2985833605","https://openalex.org/W2989697276","https://openalex.org/W3007444020","https://openalex.org/W3013082057","https://openalex.org/W3031696400","https://openalex.org/W3047443805","https://openalex.org/W3080919303","https://openalex.org/W3111977586","https://openalex.org/W3125860323","https://openalex.org/W3171853541","https://openalex.org/W3173859080","https://openalex.org/W3191273863","https://openalex.org/W3199715002","https://openalex.org/W3201112898","https://openalex.org/W4240485910","https://openalex.org/W4281633835","https://openalex.org/W4285187901","https://openalex.org/W4296339430","https://openalex.org/W4296934624","https://openalex.org/W4298146218","https://openalex.org/W4304127697","https://openalex.org/W4312811001","https://openalex.org/W4313229413","https://openalex.org/W4313627848","https://openalex.org/W4318954119","https://openalex.org/W4362653468","https://openalex.org/W4385336589","https://openalex.org/W4389104885","https://openalex.org/W4389104899","https://openalex.org/W4389104909","https://openalex.org/W4389916377","https://openalex.org/W4392657985","https://openalex.org/W4393255125","https://openalex.org/W4404239119"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297094428","https://openalex.org/W4412932194","https://openalex.org/W4381163482","https://openalex.org/W4313131622","https://openalex.org/W4387803419","https://openalex.org/W4385336589","https://openalex.org/W4404763830","https://openalex.org/W4399426285","https://openalex.org/W4312844731","https://openalex.org/W4360996668"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,188],"vision":[1],"transformer":[2,112,130],"(ViT)":[3],"has":[4],"demonstrated":[5],"performance":[6],"comparable":[7],"to":[8,35,76,87,162],"that":[9],"of":[10,58,91,117,176,195],"convolutional":[11,110,128],"neural":[12],"networks":[13],"(CNN)":[14],"in":[15,158],"the":[16,41,56,72,80,89,151,173,177],"hyperspectral":[17],"image":[18],"classification":[19],"domain.":[20],"This":[21],"is":[22,53,74,156],"achieved":[23,191],"by":[24,55,98,150],"transforming":[25],"images":[26],"into":[27],"sequence":[28],"data":[29],"and":[30,43,107,125,139,166,199],"mining":[31],"global":[32,68,147],"spectral-spatial":[33],"information":[34,94],"establish":[36],"remote":[37],"dependencies.":[38],"Nevertheless,":[39],"both":[40],"ViT":[42,73],"CNNs":[44],"have":[45],"their":[46],"own":[47],"limitations.":[48],"For":[49],"instance,":[50],"a":[51,99,108,118,126],"CNN":[52],"constrained":[54],"extent":[57],"its":[59],"receptive":[60],"field,":[61],"which":[62,170],"prevents":[63],"it":[64],"from":[65],"fully":[66],"exploiting":[67],"spatial-spectral":[69,119,133,142,148],"features.":[70],"Conversely,":[71],"prone":[75],"excessive":[77],"distraction":[78],"during":[79],"feature":[81,93],"extraction":[82,95,120],"process.":[83],"To":[84],"be":[85],"able":[86],"overcome":[88],"problem":[90],"insufficient":[92],"caused":[96],"using":[97,137],"single":[100],"paradigm,":[101],"this":[102],"paper":[103],"proposes":[104],"an":[105,123],"MLP-mixer":[106],"graph":[109,127,154],"enhanced":[111,129],"(MGCET),":[113],"whose":[114],"network":[115],"consists":[116],"block":[121],"(SSEB),":[122],"MLP-mixer,":[124],"(GCET).":[131],"First,":[132],"features":[134,143,149],"are":[135,144],"extracted":[136],"SSEB,":[138],"then":[140],"local":[141],"fused":[145],"with":[146],"MLP-mixer.":[152],"Finally,":[153],"convolution":[155],"embedded":[157],"multi-head":[159],"self-attention":[160],"(MHSA)":[161],"mine":[163],"spatial":[164],"relationships":[165],"similarity":[167],"between":[168],"pixels,":[169],"further":[171],"improves":[172],"modeling":[174],"capability":[175],"model.":[178],"Correlation":[179],"experiments":[180],"were":[181],"conducted":[182],"on":[183,201],"four":[184],"different":[185],"HSI":[186],"datasets.":[187,203],"MGEET":[189],"algorithm":[190],"overall":[192],"accuracies":[193],"(OAs)":[194],"95.45%,":[196],"97.57%,":[197],"98.05%,":[198],"98.52%":[200],"these":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2024-08-09T00:00:00"}