{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401376293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1410741","title":"Integrated machine learning and geospatial analysis enhanced gully erosion susceptibility modeling in the Erer watershed in Eastern Ethiopia","display_name":"Integrated machine learning and geospatial analysis enhanced gully erosion susceptibility modeling in the Erer watershed in Eastern Ethiopia","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401376293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1410741"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fenvs.2024.1410741","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1410741","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1410741","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-science/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1410741/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596204836","display_name":"Frontiers in Environmental Science","issn_l":"2296-665X","issn":["2296-665X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Environmental Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-science/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1410741/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016611115","display_name":"Tadele Bedo Gelete","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5344-2580","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5344-2580"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153487414","display_name":"Haramaya University","ror":"https://ror.org/059yk7s89","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153487414"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tadele Bedo Gelete","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geo-Information Science Program, School of Geography and Environmental Studies, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geo-Information Science Program, School of Geography and Environmental Studies, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153487414"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091866562","display_name":"Pernaidu Pasala","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131880829","display_name":"Dire Dawa University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wfzer83","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131880829"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pernaidu Pasala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geodesy and Geoinformatics Engineering, Institute of Technology, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geodesy and Geoinformatics Engineering, Institute of Technology, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131880829"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030897160","display_name":"Nigus Gebremedhn Abay","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131880829","display_name":"Dire Dawa University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wfzer83","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131880829"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nigus Gebremedhn Abay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131880829"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073535728","display_name":"Gezahegn Weldu Woldemariam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4649-5881","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4649-5881"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153487414","display_name":"Haramaya University","ror":"https://ror.org/059yk7s89","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153487414"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gezahegn Weldu Woldemariam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Remote Sensing and Application Research and Development, Space Science and Geospatial Institute, Entoto Observatory and Research Center (EORC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","Geo-Information Science Program, School of Geography and Environmental Studies, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing and Application Research and Development, Space Science and Geospatial Institute, Entoto Observatory and Research Center (EORC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geo-Information Science Program, School of Geography and Environmental Studies, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153487414"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062218042","display_name":"Kalid Hassen Yasin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6231-1312","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6231-1312"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153487414","display_name":"Haramaya University","ror":"https://ror.org/059yk7s89","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153487414"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kalid Hassen Yasin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Remote Sensing and Application Research and Development, Space Science and Geospatial Institute, Entoto Observatory and Research Center (EORC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","Geo-Information Science Program, School of Geography and Environmental Studies, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing and Application Research and Development, Space Science and Geospatial Institute, Entoto Observatory and Research Center (EORC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geo-Information Science Program, School of Geography and Environmental Studies, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153487414"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061592711","display_name":"Erana Kebede","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3584-6757","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3584-6757"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153487414","display_name":"Haramaya University","ror":"https://ror.org/059yk7s89","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153487414"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Erana Kebede","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153487414"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004589997","display_name":"Usmane Ibsa Aliyi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9846-2032","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9846-2032"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153487414","display_name":"Haramaya University","ror":"https://ror.org/059yk7s89","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153487414"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibsa Aliyi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153487414"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016611115","https://openalex.org/A5061592711"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153487414"],"apc_list":{"value":3295,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3295},"apc_paid":{"value":3295,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3295},"fwci":4.1761,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94612631,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10889","display_name":"Soil erosion and sediment transport","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10889","display_name":"Soil erosion and sediment transport","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.008200000040233135,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gully-erosion","display_name":"gully erosion","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/erosion-susceptibility-mapping","display_name":"erosion susceptibility mapping","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-degradation","display_name":"land degradation","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xgboost","display_name":"XGBoost","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"random forest","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"support vector machine","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-network","display_name":"artificial neural networks","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-classification","display_name":"ensemble classification","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annual-rainfall","display_name":"annual rainfall","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watershed-management","display_name":"watershed management","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-erosion-risk","display_name":"soil erosion risk","score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use-change","display_name":"land use change","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover-change","display_name":"land cover change","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-degradation-monitoring","display_name":"land degradation monitoring","score":0.4180000126361847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.8455302715301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150547873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947851","display_name":"Watershed","level":2,"score":0.8226404190063477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992428861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361400","display_name":"Gully erosion","level":3,"score":0.6825894117355347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123157820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80026","display_name":"Erosion","level":2,"score":0.5811995267868042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.49804115295410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.4870651066303253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777610965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3547352","display_name":"Universal Soil Loss Equation","level":4,"score":0.4365948438644409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524765639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619","display_name":"Water resource management","level":1,"score":0.3991321623325348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.32971054315567017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2783738672733307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983671832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80026","display_name":"Soil loss","level":3,"score":0.2400003969669342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.21498340368270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.12918514013290405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.12256687879562378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0945076048374176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.08973094820976257}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fenvs.2024.1410741","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1410741","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1410741","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-science/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1410741/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596204836","display_name":"Frontiers in Environmental Science","issn_l":"2296-665X","issn":["2296-665X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Environmental Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:40d0614c518b440b85b157e35ba7e0c3","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/40d0614c518b440b85b157e35ba7e0c3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Environmental Science, Vol 12 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fenvs.2024.1410741","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1410741","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1410741","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-science/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1410741/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596204836","display_name":"Frontiers in Environmental Science","issn_l":"2296-665X","issn":["2296-665X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Environmental Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.9599999785423279,"display_name":"Life on land"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401376293.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401376293.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":91,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1138257279","https://openalex.org/W1526319989","https://openalex.org/W1939245068","https://openalex.org/W1964130720","https://openalex.org/W1971765817","https://openalex.org/W1975997297","https://openalex.org/W1983989415","https://openalex.org/W2002839548","https://openalex.org/W2014727276","https://openalex.org/W2037630084","https://openalex.org/W2046982536","https://openalex.org/W2052412227","https://openalex.org/W2060775322","https://openalex.org/W2104866263","https://openalex.org/W2140964565","https://openalex.org/W2346792972","https://openalex.org/W2492272801","https://openalex.org/W2548849268","https://openalex.org/W2551325035","https://openalex.org/W2584860397","https://openalex.org/W2597603852","https://openalex.org/W2601183962","https://openalex.org/W2606580569","https://openalex.org/W2741517055","https://openalex.org/W2748509923","https://openalex.org/W2757787785","https://openalex.org/W2771919826","https://openalex.org/W2775745878","https://openalex.org/W2793127258","https://openalex.org/W2890018514","https://openalex.org/W2896791226","https://openalex.org/W2900784756","https://openalex.org/W2909193898","https://openalex.org/W2911688499","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2920548804","https://openalex.org/W2946974793","https://openalex.org/W2952226303","https://openalex.org/W2952609086","https://openalex.org/W2958856141","https://openalex.org/W2964494315","https://openalex.org/W2970885557","https://openalex.org/W2971820076","https://openalex.org/W2992321006","https://openalex.org/W3005376489","https://openalex.org/W3010444683","https://openalex.org/W3013306393","https://openalex.org/W3014842150","https://openalex.org/W3016556330","https://openalex.org/W3038447340","https://openalex.org/W3047180133","https://openalex.org/W3081908332","https://openalex.org/W3097404226","https://openalex.org/W3106912735","https://openalex.org/W3110386290","https://openalex.org/W3121123470","https://openalex.org/W3121680759","https://openalex.org/W3122818294","https://openalex.org/W3124733172","https://openalex.org/W3126010544","https://openalex.org/W3130233783","https://openalex.org/W3131720069","https://openalex.org/W3143710874","https://openalex.org/W3156592915","https://openalex.org/W3165863984","https://openalex.org/W3194331235","https://openalex.org/W3205782293","https://openalex.org/W3209428055","https://openalex.org/W3209819482","https://openalex.org/W4200221593","https://openalex.org/W4200364514","https://openalex.org/W4286240438","https://openalex.org/W4288941034","https://openalex.org/W4308780851","https://openalex.org/W4309593039","https://openalex.org/W4324382896","https://openalex.org/W4360868821","https://openalex.org/W4361000062","https://openalex.org/W4366089975","https://openalex.org/W4366392631","https://openalex.org/W4366829796","https://openalex.org/W4377042927","https://openalex.org/W4379056614","https://openalex.org/W4381165492","https://openalex.org/W4382751129","https://openalex.org/W4384695566","https://openalex.org/W4387018522","https://openalex.org/W4387378252","https://openalex.org/W4392661577","https://openalex.org/W6633435507","https://openalex.org/W6910681941"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4392661577","https://openalex.org/W2757787785","https://openalex.org/W4415312964","https://openalex.org/W3010444683","https://openalex.org/W4384695566","https://openalex.org/W4321368369","https://openalex.org/W4399095535","https://openalex.org/W4220742768","https://openalex.org/W4388304222","https://openalex.org/W4366089975"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Land":[0],"degradation":[1,379],"from":[2],"gully":[3,83,216,237,365],"erosion":[4,84],"poses":[5],"a":[6,207],"significant":[7],"threat":[8],"to":[9,18,63,81,267,359],"the":[10,94,142,145,231,242,254,275,301,304,324,329],"Erer":[11,95],"watershed":[12,75,305,375],"in":[13,93,169,176,214],"Eastern":[14],"Ethiopia,":[15],"particularly":[16],"due":[17],"agricultural":[19],"activities":[20],"and":[21,27,36,45,48,60,70,87,91,109,123,131,137,156,171,173,190,202,223,247,272,293,316,333,344,351,363,368,377],"resource":[22],"exploitation.":[23],"Identifying":[24],"erosion-prone":[25],"areas":[26,69,90,218,233,256,339,367],"underlying":[28,89],"factors":[29,92],"using":[30,119],"advanced":[31],"machine":[32,57,107],"learning":[33,58],"algorithms":[34],"(MLAs)":[35],"geospatial":[37,117],"analysis":[38,118],"is":[39,163],"crucial":[40],"for":[41,129,133,373],"addressing":[42],"this":[43],"problem":[44],"prioritizing":[46],"adaptive":[47],"mitigating":[49],"strategies.":[50],"However,":[51,211],"previous":[52],"studies":[53],"have":[54],"not":[55],"leveraged":[56],"(ML)":[59],"GIS-based":[61],"approaches":[62],"generate":[64],"susceptibility":[65,85,238,260],"maps":[66],"identifying":[67],"these":[68],"conditioning":[71],"factors,":[72,369],"hindering":[73],"sustainable":[74,374],"management":[76],"solutions.":[77],"This":[78,297,347],"study":[79,348],"aimed":[80],"predict":[82],"(GES)":[86],"identify":[88,364],"watershed.":[96],"Four":[97],"ML":[98,353],"models,":[99,250,277],"namely,":[100],"XGBoost,":[101,177],"random":[102],"forest":[103],"(RF),":[104],"support":[105],"vector":[106],"(SVM),":[108],"artificial":[110],"neural":[111],"network":[112],"(ANN),":[113],"were":[114,139],"integrated":[115],"with":[116,166,234,257,336,355],"22":[120],"geoenvironmental":[121],"predictors":[122],"1,200":[124],"inventory":[125],"points":[126],"(70%":[127],"used":[128],"training":[130],"30%":[132],"testing).":[134],"Model":[135],"performance":[136],"robustness":[138,189],"validated":[140],"through":[141],"area":[143],"under":[144],"curve":[146],"(AUC),":[147],"accuracy,":[148,199,284],"precision,":[149,201,286],"sensitivity,":[150,220,288],"specificity,":[151,222,290],"kappa":[152,204],"coefficient,":[153],"F1":[154,225,295],"score,":[155],"logarithmic":[157],"loss.":[158],"The":[159,227,262],"relative":[160],"slope":[161],"position":[162],"most":[164,232,255,325],"influential,":[165],"100%":[167],"importance":[168,175],"SVM":[170,212,243],"RF":[172,248],"95%":[174],"while":[178,205,251],"annual":[179],"rainfall":[180],"(AR)":[181],"dominated":[182],"ANN":[183,228],"(100%":[184],"importance).":[185],"Notably,":[186],"XGBoost":[187,245,252],"demonstrated":[188],"superior":[191],"prediction/mapping,":[192],"achieving":[193,278],"an":[194,279],"AUC":[195,280],"of":[196,281,303,340],"0.97,":[197],"91%":[198,224],"92%":[200],"81%":[203],"maintaining":[206],"low":[208,259],"logloss":[209],"(0.0394).":[210],"excelled":[213],"classifying":[215],"resistant/susceptible":[217],"(97%":[219],"98%":[221],"score).":[226],"model":[229],"predicted":[230],"very":[235,258,308,318],"high":[236,337],"(13.74%),":[239],"followed":[240],"by":[241],"(11.69%),":[244],"(10.65%),":[246],"(7.85%)":[249],"identified":[253],"(70.19%).":[261],"ensemble":[263],"technique":[264,298],"was":[265],"employed":[266],"further":[268],"enhance":[269,360],"GES":[270,302,338,361],"modeling,":[271],"it":[273],"outperformed":[274],"individual":[276],"0.99,":[282],"93.5%":[283],"92.5%":[285],"97.5%":[287],"95.4%":[289],"85.8%":[291],"kappa,":[292],"94.9%":[294],"score.":[296],"also":[299],"classified":[300],"as":[306],"36.48%":[307],"low,":[309,311],"26.51%":[310],"16.24%":[312],"moderate,":[313],"11.55%":[314],"high,":[315],"9.22%":[317],"high.":[319],"Furthermore,":[320],"district-level":[321],"analyses":[322],"revealed":[323],"susceptible":[326],"areas,":[327],"including":[328],"Babile,":[330],"Fedis,":[331],"Harar,":[332],"Meyumuluke":[334],"districts,":[335],"32.4%,":[341],"21.3%,":[342],"14.3%,":[343],"13.6%,":[345],"respectively.":[346],"offers":[349],"robust":[350],"flexible":[352],"models":[354],"comprehensive":[356],"validation":[357],"metrics":[358],"modeling":[362],"prone":[366],"thereby":[370],"supporting":[371],"decision-making":[372],"conservation":[376],"land":[378],"prevention.":[380]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2024-08-07T00:00:00"}