{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400901488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01916599.2024.2378031","title":"Procedural containment vs. substantive entrenchment: two early models of militant democracy","display_name":"Procedural containment vs. substantive entrenchment: two early models of militant democracy","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400901488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01916599.2024.2378031"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/01916599.2024.2378031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01916599.2024.2378031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01916599.2024.2378031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S113166945","display_name":"History of European Ideas","issn_l":"0191-6599","issn":["0191-6599","1873-541X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"History of European Ideas","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084502556","display_name":"Mariano Croce","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6520-1298","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6520-1298"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mariano Croce","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma","Department of Philosophy, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6520-1298","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084502556"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.835,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98131716,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"3","first_page":"529","last_page":"544"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13291","display_name":"Political Theory and Democracy","score":0.7411999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13291","display_name":"Political Theory and Democracy","score":0.7411999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12311","display_name":"Political Theology and Sovereignty","score":0.1696999967098236,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13537","display_name":"German legal, social, and political studies","score":0.025699999183416367,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/militant-democracy","display_name":"militant democracy","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/karl-loewenstein","display_name":"Karl Loewenstein","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carl-schmitt","display_name":"Carl Schmitt","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authoritarian-democracy","display_name":"authoritarian democracy","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constitutional-democracy","display_name":"constitutional democracy","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parliamentary-majority","display_name":"parliamentary majority","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-political-thought","display_name":"history of political thought","score":0.5379999876022339}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779808665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17010072","display_name":"Militant","level":3,"score":0.9429278373718262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.6041127443313599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5430152416229248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777019822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q390066","display_name":"Containment (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.5377151966094971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.405796617269516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2809944450855255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2735379934310913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.12617993354797363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.10583868622779846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/01916599.2024.2378031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01916599.2024.2378031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01916599.2024.2378031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S113166945","display_name":"History of European Ideas","issn_l":"0191-6599","issn":["0191-6599","1873-541X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"History of European Ideas","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.uniroma1.it:11573/1716316","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11573/1716316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196107","display_name":"IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7043152598","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B53D23032600001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331528","funder_display_name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331528","display_name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","ror":"https://ror.org/0341vw408"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W205647874","https://openalex.org/W572509784","https://openalex.org/W1510763681","https://openalex.org/W1531147283","https://openalex.org/W2068679951","https://openalex.org/W2124639386","https://openalex.org/W2149971088","https://openalex.org/W2163545564","https://openalex.org/W2199169199","https://openalex.org/W2344944189","https://openalex.org/W2586744939","https://openalex.org/W2612963195","https://openalex.org/W2760866328","https://openalex.org/W2785651230","https://openalex.org/W2791785857","https://openalex.org/W2797691229","https://openalex.org/W2883282915","https://openalex.org/W2904489151","https://openalex.org/W2950201068","https://openalex.org/W2995808033","https://openalex.org/W3166839205","https://openalex.org/W3187985009","https://openalex.org/W4210435338","https://openalex.org/W4230306146","https://openalex.org/W4231243838","https://openalex.org/W4231569667","https://openalex.org/W4233779315","https://openalex.org/W4235636122","https://openalex.org/W4237529411","https://openalex.org/W4246078018","https://openalex.org/W4248880992","https://openalex.org/W4249865195","https://openalex.org/W4283373609","https://openalex.org/W4298159495","https://openalex.org/W4319660518","https://openalex.org/W4323658067","https://openalex.org/W4323926021","https://openalex.org/W4360620815","https://openalex.org/W4389944349","https://openalex.org/W4390543141","https://openalex.org/W4396216061","https://openalex.org/W4400456522","https://openalex.org/W4409404744"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4400456522","https://openalex.org/W4249935004","https://openalex.org/W1622044377","https://openalex.org/W7119437614","https://openalex.org/W4411501666","https://openalex.org/W2901147351","https://openalex.org/W3113471012","https://openalex.org/W6982888812","https://openalex.org/W7125708175","https://openalex.org/W4405894160"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"German":[0],"lawyer":[1],"and":[2,26,40,68,108,154,156],"political":[3],"scientist":[4],"Karl":[5],"Loewenstein":[6],"is":[7],"generally":[8],"regarded":[9],"as":[10],"the":[11,14,24,53,59,72,76,103,122,133,142,145,173,191],"originator":[12],"of":[13,21,52,62,78,84,106,124,129,147,161,175,195],"militant":[15,168],"democracy":[16,86,110,148,169],"paradigm.":[17],"In":[18],"a":[19,82,181],"series":[20],"articles":[22],"in":[23,58],"mid":[25],"late":[27],"1930s,":[28],"he":[29,80],"argued":[30],"that":[31,42,92,119,144,167],"constitutional":[32,90,135],"democracies":[33],"should":[34,93],"pre-emptively":[35],"defend":[36],"themselves":[37],"against":[38],"movements":[39],"parties":[41,130],"were":[43],"seeking":[44],"to":[45,97,132,151,189],"undermine":[46],"them.":[47,158],"More":[48],"recently,":[49],"another":[50],"father":[51],"paradigm":[54],"has":[55],"been":[56],"identified":[57],"controversial":[60],"figure":[61],"Carl":[63],"Schmitt.":[64],"Before":[65],"his":[66],"despicable":[67],"opportunistic":[69],"support":[70],"for":[71],"Nazi":[73],"regime":[74],"at":[75],"end":[77],"1933,":[79],"advocated":[81,117],"model":[83],"authoritarian":[85,109],"based":[87],"on":[88],"fundamental":[89],"contents":[91],"be":[94],"made":[95,141],"impervious":[96],"legislative":[98],"change.":[99],"This":[100,187],"article":[101],"examines":[102],"different":[104],"models":[105,163],"disciplined":[107],"proposed":[111],"by":[112],"these":[113,162],"authors.":[114],"While":[115],"both":[116],"measures":[118],"could":[120],"inhibit":[121],"activity":[123],"parliamentary":[125],"majorities":[126],"composed":[127],"mainly":[128],"opposed":[131],"state":[134],"structure,":[136],"Schmitt,":[137],"more":[138],"than":[139],"Loewenstein,":[140],"point":[143],"defence":[146],"requires":[149],"subscribing":[150],"substantive":[152,185],"values":[153],"principles":[155],"entrenching":[157],"The":[159],"juxtaposition":[160],"makes":[164],"it":[165],"clear":[166],"not":[170],"only":[171],"recommends":[172],"protection":[174],"certain":[176],"procedures":[177],"but":[178],"also":[179],"entails":[180],"normative":[182,193],"standard":[183],"comprising":[184],"contents.":[186],"helps":[188],"highlight":[190],"unstated":[192],"burdens":[194],"democratic":[196],"militancy.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2024-07-24T00:00:00"}