{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400640262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w32657","title":"Race and Ethnicity (Mis)measurement in the U.S. Criminal Justice System","display_name":"Race and Ethnicity (Mis)measurement in the U.S. Criminal Justice System","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400640262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w32657"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w32657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w32657","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w32657","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w32657","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w32657","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113289016","display_name":"Keith Finlay","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333512998","display_name":"United States Census Bureau","ror":"https://ror.org/01qn7cs15","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333512998","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Keith Finlay","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Census Bureau","U.S. Census Bureau, 4600 Silver Hill Road, D.C., WA 20233, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Census Bureau","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333512998"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Census Bureau, 4600 Silver Hill Road, D.C., WA 20233, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333512998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001407808","display_name":"Elizabeth Luh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth Luh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Houston - Department of Economics","University of Houston - Department of Economics, 436 Thompson St., Ann Arbor, MI 48108, United States","University of Michigan at Ann Arbor","University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, 500 S. State Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Houston - Department of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Houston - Department of Economics, 436 Thompson St., Ann Arbor, MI 48108, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan at Ann Arbor","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, 500 S. State Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010018624","display_name":"Michael Mueller\u2010Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4295-9132","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4295-9132"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Mueller-Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Economics","University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Economics, 611 Tappan Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1220, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Economics, 611 Tappan Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1220, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113289016"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333512998"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13546","display_name":"Census and Population Estimation","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10652","display_name":"Racial and Ethnic Identity Research","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-justice-system","display_name":"criminal justice system","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-disparities","display_name":"racial disparities","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prisoners","display_name":"prisoners","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defendants","display_name":"defendants","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incarceration-rates","display_name":"incarceration rates","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-ethnic-composition","display_name":"racial and ethnic composition","score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-linkage","display_name":"data linkage","score":0.45500001311302185}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.8174887895584106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.768654465675354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.7040188312530518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.6202247738838196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139621336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382","display_name":"Economic Justice","level":2,"score":0.540505588054657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.38236328959465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.36842280626296997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.2874954342842102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.22240033745765686}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w32657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w32657","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w32657","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w32657","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.4894651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4894651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4894651","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32657","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w32657.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w32657.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w32657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w32657","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w32657","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w32657","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400640262.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400640262.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1585385491","https://openalex.org/W1963835707","https://openalex.org/W1972578370","https://openalex.org/W1984449009","https://openalex.org/W2002973904","https://openalex.org/W2027049352","https://openalex.org/W2039699568","https://openalex.org/W2060434916","https://openalex.org/W2073053277","https://openalex.org/W2095863280","https://openalex.org/W2108353027","https://openalex.org/W2113095718","https://openalex.org/W2123096446","https://openalex.org/W2138150284","https://openalex.org/W2166528627","https://openalex.org/W2168393770","https://openalex.org/W2188475214","https://openalex.org/W2335214455","https://openalex.org/W2462771193","https://openalex.org/W2489803929","https://openalex.org/W2550640635","https://openalex.org/W2593118907","https://openalex.org/W2595861638","https://openalex.org/W2609598114","https://openalex.org/W2756909280","https://openalex.org/W2790778429","https://openalex.org/W2914120368","https://openalex.org/W2937620601","https://openalex.org/W2995266060","https://openalex.org/W2997920334","https://openalex.org/W3022629323","https://openalex.org/W3034267417","https://openalex.org/W3049372000","https://openalex.org/W3121654114","https://openalex.org/W3123223998","https://openalex.org/W3123609487","https://openalex.org/W3123836954","https://openalex.org/W3124296273","https://openalex.org/W3124519465","https://openalex.org/W3137175206","https://openalex.org/W3183598985","https://openalex.org/W3189638947","https://openalex.org/W3204925577","https://openalex.org/W4236271060","https://openalex.org/W4239223743","https://openalex.org/W4295350465","https://openalex.org/W4295791639","https://openalex.org/W4300601585","https://openalex.org/W4380089793","https://openalex.org/W4386370771"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411529177","https://openalex.org/W3216051060","https://openalex.org/W7161633775","https://openalex.org/W2791182559","https://openalex.org/W4385706236","https://openalex.org/W2492304606","https://openalex.org/W4410819300","https://openalex.org/W2565393750","https://openalex.org/W2593893368","https://openalex.org/W2943730397"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"United":[1],"States":[2],"criminal":[3],"justice":[4,32,107,139],"system":[5],"is":[6],"characterized":[7],"by":[8,41,138],"substantial":[9],"disparities":[10,19],"in":[11,30,105,145],"outcomes":[12],"across":[13],"racial":[14,192],"and":[15,25,37,44,53,78,80,88,103,115,118,157,165,169,178,193,206],"ethnic":[16,194],"groups.Understanding":[17],"these":[18,59],"requires":[20],"accurate":[21],"measures":[22],"of":[23,27,58,93,101,113,121,203],"race":[24,36,52,79,102,168],"ethnicity":[26,38,81,104],"people":[28,143],"involved":[29],"the":[31,56,71,106,133,166,200],"system.We":[33,108],"document":[34],"how":[35,45],"are":[39],"recorded":[40],"administrative":[42,60,89],"agents":[43],"operational":[46],"concerns":[47],"limit":[48],"corrections":[49],"to":[50,98,190],"misreported":[51],"ethnicity.To":[54],"understand":[55],"impacts":[57],"processes,":[61],"this":[62],"paper":[63],"uses":[64],"novel":[65],"linkages":[66],"between":[67,163],"person-level":[68],"microdata":[69],"from":[70,83],"Criminal":[72],"Justice":[73],"Administrative":[74],"Records":[75],"System":[76],"(CJARS)":[77],"composites":[82],"U.S.":[84],"Census":[85,146],"Bureau":[86,147],"census":[87],"records,":[90],"mostly":[91],"composed":[92],"self-reported":[94],"or":[95,154],"family-reported":[96],"race/ethnicity,":[97],"quantify":[99],"mismeasurement":[100],"find":[109],"that":[110,128,180],"17":[111],"percent":[112,120],"misdemeanor":[114],"felony":[116],"defendants":[117],"10":[119],"prison":[122],"inmates":[123],"have":[124,197],"an":[125],"agency-recorded":[126,164],"label":[127],"does":[129],"not":[130],"concord":[131],"with":[132],"composite":[134,167],"measure,":[135],"largely":[136],"driven":[137],"agencies":[140],"poorly":[141],"measuring":[142],"identified":[144],"data":[148],"as":[149],"Hispanic,":[150],"Asian,":[151],"Pacific":[152],"Islander,":[153],"American":[155],"Indian":[156],"Alaska":[158],"Native":[159],"(AIAN).Using":[160],"estimated":[161],"correspondences":[162],"ethnicity,":[170],"we":[171],"reweight":[172],"federal":[173],"series":[174],"on":[175,186],"imprisonment":[176],"rates":[177,202],"show":[179],"those":[181],"series,":[182],"which":[183],"currently":[184],"rely":[185],"small":[187],"survey":[188],"samples":[189],"impute":[191],"population":[195],"shares,":[196],"substantially":[198],"underestimated":[199],"incarceration":[201],"Whites,":[204],"Blacks,":[205],"AIANs.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2024-07-16T00:00:00"}
