{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400540898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1387912","title":"Diversity and heterogeneity of smallholder vegetable farming systems and their impact on food security and income in Malawi","display_name":"Diversity and heterogeneity of smallholder vegetable farming systems and their impact on food security and income in Malawi","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400540898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1387912"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fsufs.2024.1387912","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1387912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1387912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212157","display_name":"Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems","issn_l":"2571-581X","issn":["2571-581X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1387912","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050449592","display_name":"Wisdom Madede Nzima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9259-6494","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9259-6494"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54108979","display_name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1mvv97","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wisdom Madede Nzima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Norwegian University of Life Science, As, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Norwegian University of Life Science, As, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064551204","display_name":"Ryan H. L. Ip","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8636-1891","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8636-1891"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153230381","display_name":"Charles Sturt University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wfvh315","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan H. L. Ip","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017177620","display_name":"Muhammad Azher Bhatti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9699-0656","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9699-0656"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54108979","display_name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1mvv97","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Azher Bhatti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Norwegian University of Life Science, As, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Norwegian University of Life Science, As, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062502836","display_name":"Sosheel Solomon Godfrey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5705-8201","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5705-8201"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153230381","display_name":"Charles Sturt University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wfvh315","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sosheel Solomon Godfrey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovations, Charles Sturt University Wagga, Wagga, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovations, Charles Sturt University Wagga, Wagga, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111579264","display_name":"Lars Olav Eik","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54108979","display_name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1mvv97","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lars Olav Eik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Norwegian University of Life Science, As, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Norwegian University of Life Science, As, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083171385","display_name":"Sera Rose Gondwe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2893-6420","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2893-6420"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101907","display_name":"Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/0188qm081","country_code":"MW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101907"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sera Rose Gondwe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agribusiness Management, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agribusiness Management, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101907"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011935275","display_name":"Shai Andr\u00e9 Divon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2949-457X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2949-457X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54108979","display_name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1mvv97","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shai Andr\u00e9 Divon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Norwegian University of Life Science, As, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Norwegian University of Life Science, As, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050449592"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54108979"],"apc_list":{"value":2125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"apc_paid":{"value":2125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"fwci":6.5571,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96373098,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10367","display_name":"Agricultural Innovations and Practices","score":0.9359999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10367","display_name":"Agricultural Innovations and Practices","score":0.9359999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11805","display_name":"Agricultural economics and policies","score":0.010599999688565731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11862","display_name":"Agriculture, Land Use, Rural Development","score":0.009800000116229057,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smallholder-vegetable-farming","display_name":"smallholder vegetable farming","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-food-security","display_name":"household food security","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farm-typology","display_name":"farm typology","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farm-heterogeneity","display_name":"farm heterogeneity","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-farm-activities","display_name":"off-farm activities","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-scale-irrigation","display_name":"small-scale irrigation","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-livestock","display_name":"small livestock","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farm-income","display_name":"farm income","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop-productivity","display_name":"crop productivity","score":0.453000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"land use","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domestic-work","display_name":"domestic work","score":0.44200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-expenditure","display_name":"food expenditure","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malawi","display_name":"Malawi","score":0.6570000052452087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3987366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6658164","display_name":"Livelihood","level":3,"score":0.8440223336219788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C549605437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229911","display_name":"Food security","level":3,"score":0.6775248050689697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.6098564267158508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5661516189575195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.5541399121284485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5010511875152588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780892066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1591167","display_name":"Household income","level":2,"score":0.4724854826927185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.47113293409347534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71762439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843920","display_name":"Arable land","level":3,"score":0.4623478651046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112964050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103459","display_name":"Livestock","level":2,"score":0.4414345622062683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49461877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16038923","display_name":"Mixed farming","level":3,"score":0.42322126030921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.41161105036735535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.26952141523361206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.23612555861473083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.15385061502456665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fsufs.2024.1387912","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1387912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1387912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212157","display_name":"Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems","issn_l":"2571-581X","issn":["2571-581X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/46f51c29-ab30-4252-8b68-f7ffd6892d8d","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/en/publications/46f51c29-ab30-4252-8b68-f7ffd6892d8d","pdf_url":"https://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/files/571743528/509367573_-_Published_article.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055442","display_name":"Charles Sturt University Research Output (CRO)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Nzima, W M, Ip, R H L, Bhatti, M A, Godfrey, S S, Eik, L O, Gondwe, S R & Divon, S A 2024, 'Diversity and heterogeneity of smallholder vegetable farming systems and their impact on food security and income in Malawi', Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, vol. 8, 1387912, pp. 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1387912","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9fd5fa25c89c44db8f3ccb663ce5a153","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9fd5fa25c89c44db8f3ccb663ce5a153","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, Vol 8 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fsufs.2024.1387912","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1387912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1387912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212157","display_name":"Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems","issn_l":"2571-581X","issn":["2571-581X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":1.0,"display_name":"Zero hunger"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.8928999900817871,"display_name":"No poverty"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.7257999777793884,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400540898.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400540898.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W260994251","https://openalex.org/W613456244","https://openalex.org/W1492127447","https://openalex.org/W1974213192","https://openalex.org/W1986394501","https://openalex.org/W2002787435","https://openalex.org/W2048729080","https://openalex.org/W2049148754","https://openalex.org/W2059155959","https://openalex.org/W2098140926","https://openalex.org/W2105458896","https://openalex.org/W2114892850","https://openalex.org/W2115096018","https://openalex.org/W2122121522","https://openalex.org/W2155775751","https://openalex.org/W2156197153","https://openalex.org/W2159653061","https://openalex.org/W2164386677","https://openalex.org/W2165888952","https://openalex.org/W2183791914","https://openalex.org/W2186331466","https://openalex.org/W2295124130","https://openalex.org/W2335694045","https://openalex.org/W2339072245","https://openalex.org/W2395800795","https://openalex.org/W2479531384","https://openalex.org/W2512968620","https://openalex.org/W2516124721","https://openalex.org/W2570090939","https://openalex.org/W2606505260","https://openalex.org/W2737663518","https://openalex.org/W2758691787","https://openalex.org/W2765377880","https://openalex.org/W2773669784","https://openalex.org/W2780260382","https://openalex.org/W2787843770","https://openalex.org/W2790241625","https://openalex.org/W2800192098","https://openalex.org/W2808448910","https://openalex.org/W2884280053","https://openalex.org/W2892022919","https://openalex.org/W2911375031","https://openalex.org/W2913273664","https://openalex.org/W2937873074","https://openalex.org/W2945840692","https://openalex.org/W2961523324","https://openalex.org/W2963138115","https://openalex.org/W2969321986","https://openalex.org/W2974616867","https://openalex.org/W2978068083","https://openalex.org/W2989811794","https://openalex.org/W2997589798","https://openalex.org/W3002615648","https://openalex.org/W3024665124","https://openalex.org/W3025005185","https://openalex.org/W3033602648","https://openalex.org/W3037794968","https://openalex.org/W3041796523","https://openalex.org/W3069547917","https://openalex.org/W3098780454","https://openalex.org/W3110419598","https://openalex.org/W3120754535","https://openalex.org/W3131277142","https://openalex.org/W3160269182","https://openalex.org/W3198700435","https://openalex.org/W3217810494","https://openalex.org/W4205208372","https://openalex.org/W4210446947","https://openalex.org/W4210466529","https://openalex.org/W4214693240","https://openalex.org/W4220821077","https://openalex.org/W4293034612","https://openalex.org/W4293226540","https://openalex.org/W4296784954","https://openalex.org/W4318320853","https://openalex.org/W4378227060"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3195857411","https://openalex.org/W4415608600","https://openalex.org/W7019985738","https://openalex.org/W4387526510","https://openalex.org/W7046483230","https://openalex.org/W2892022919","https://openalex.org/W7130645998","https://openalex.org/W2114892850","https://openalex.org/W7131279356","https://openalex.org/W4400929173"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Household":[0],"food":[1,31,153,257,272,290],"security":[2,32,291],"and":[3,15,33,51,58,73,76,85,92,95,99,102,111,115,124,158,161,166,170,193,217,230,238,244,248,259,276],"income":[4,34,151,250],"play":[5,195],"central":[6],"roles":[7],"in":[8,35,113,145,182,199,214,236,292],"sustainable":[9],"development":[10],"at":[11],"the":[12,36,128,168,183,200],"global,":[13],"national,":[14],"local":[16],"levels.":[17],"Smallholder":[18],"vegetable":[19,44,138,159,203,242,293],"farming":[20,45,294],"systems":[21,46],"are":[22,163],"widely":[23],"regarded":[24],"as":[25,62,232,234,252,264],"crucial":[26],"contributors":[27],"to":[28,224,288],"enhancing":[29],"household":[30,74,221,256,280],"developing":[37],"world.":[38],"Comprehensive":[39],"whole-farm":[40],"analysis":[41],"of":[42,56,120,131,185,202,268],"smallholder":[43],"points":[47],"out":[48],"greater":[49],"diversity":[50],"heterogeneity":[52],"driven":[53],"by":[54],"interactions":[55],"socioeconomic":[57],"biophysical":[59],"factors":[60,254,262],"such":[61,263],"land":[63,65],"profiles,":[64],"use,":[66],"farm":[67,81,135,147,174,212,228,284],"assets,":[68,229],"enterprise":[69],"income,":[70,275],"off/non-farm":[71],"activities,":[72],"structure":[75],"expenditure.":[77],"However,":[78,155],"three":[79],"distinct":[80],"typologies":[82,213],"exist":[83,210],"(Resource":[84],"Livelihood":[86,93],"Constrained":[87,104],"Off-farm":[88],"Dependent/Supplemented\u2013RLCOD":[89],"farmers,":[90,98],"Resource":[91],"Abundant":[94],"Commercial":[96],"Oriented\u2013RLACO":[97],"Medium":[100],"Resources":[101],"Livelihoods":[103],"Market":[105],"Oriented\u2013MRLCMO":[106],"farmers),":[107],"exhibiting":[108],"significant":[109,197],"differences":[110],"variability":[112],"structural":[114],"functional":[116],"factors.":[117],"The":[118],"production":[119,139,162,243],"maize,":[121],"groundnuts,":[122],"soybean,":[123],"bean":[125],"crops":[126,269],"remains":[127],"primary":[129],"source":[130],"livelihood":[132,201],"for":[133,142,282],"all":[134,146],"typologies.":[136,175],"Similarly,":[137],"is":[140],"vital":[141],"farmers\u2019":[143],"livelihoods":[144],"types,":[148],"yielding":[149],"more":[150],"than":[152],"needs.":[154],"both":[156],"crop":[157,265],"productivity":[160],"still":[164],"low":[165,207],"below":[167],"national":[169],"potential":[171],"target":[172],"across":[173,211],"Small-scale":[176],"irrigation":[177],"offers":[178],"one":[179],"alternative":[180],"solution":[181],"context":[184],"increasing":[186],"climate":[187],"change.":[188],"Small":[189],"livestock":[190,274],"(chickens,":[191],"goats,":[192],"pigs)":[194],"a":[196],"role":[198],"farmers":[204],"despite":[205],"their":[206],"productivity.":[208],"Disparities":[209],"available":[215,220],"arable":[216],"irrigable":[218],"land,":[219],"labor,":[222,227],"capacity":[223],"hire":[225],"additional":[226,261],"inputs,":[231],"well":[233],"participation":[235],"off-farm":[237],"non-labor-farm":[239],"activities.":[240],"While":[241],"its":[245],"proportion":[246,267],"sold":[247],"earned":[249],"emerge":[251],"critical":[253],"affecting":[255],"accessibility":[258],"acquisition,":[260],"production,":[266],"sold,":[270],"daily":[271],"expenditure,":[273],"TLU":[277],"significantly":[278],"influence":[279],"access":[281],"different":[283],"typologies,":[285],"requiring":[286],"consideration":[287],"achieve":[289],"systems.":[295]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2024-07-12T00:00:00"}
