{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400527612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg59268.2024.10581973","title":"Real, Fake and Synthetic Faces - Does the Coin Have Three Sides?","display_name":"Real, Fake and Synthetic Faces - Does the Coin Have Three Sides?","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400527612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg59268.2024.10581973"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg59268.2024.10581973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg59268.2024.10581973","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg59268.2024.10581973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306419159","display_name":"International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition","issn_l":"1541-5058","issn":["1541-5058","2326-5396"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 18th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.01878","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102731850","display_name":"Shahzeb Naeem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0665-8689","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0665-8689"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199440890","display_name":"American University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/001g2fj96","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahzeb Naeem","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah,Department of Electrical Engineering,Sharjah,United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah,Department of Electrical Engineering,Sharjah,United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094582893","display_name":"Ramzi Al-Sharawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8410-083X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8410-083X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199440890","display_name":"American University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/001g2fj96","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramzi Al-Sharawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah,Department of Electrical Engineering,Sharjah,United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah,Department of Electrical Engineering,Sharjah,United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101774323","display_name":"Muhammad Riyyan Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7545-6420","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7545-6420"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199440890","display_name":"American University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/001g2fj96","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Riyyan Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah,Department of Electrical Engineering,Sharjah,United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah,Department of Electrical Engineering,Sharjah,United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088139460","display_name":"Usman Tariq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7672-1187","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7672-1187","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8244-2165"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199440890","display_name":"American University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/001g2fj96","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Usman Tariq","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah,Department of Electrical Engineering,Sharjah,United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah,Department of Electrical Engineering,Sharjah,United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085376429","display_name":"Abhinav Dhall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2230-1440","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2230-1440"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169541294","display_name":"Flinders University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kpzv902","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169541294"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhinav Dhall","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University,Adelaide,Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University,Adelaide,Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169541294"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080706447","display_name":"Hasan A. Al-Nashash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9685-4937","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9685-4937"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199440890","display_name":"American University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/001g2fj96","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasan Al Nashash","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah,Department of Electrical Engineering,Sharjah,United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah,Department of Electrical Engineering,Sharjah,United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0136,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83963819,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deepfake-detection","display_name":"deepfake detection","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-faces","display_name":"synthetic face images","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-ai","display_name":"generative AI","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-classification","display_name":"image classification","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-characteristics","display_name":"image characteristics","score":0.7250000238418579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.572749137878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.43212002515792847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40167728066444397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.36429110169410706}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fg59268.2024.10581973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg59268.2024.10581973","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fg59268.2024.10581973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306419159","display_name":"International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition","issn_l":"1541-5058","issn":["1541-5058","2326-5396"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 18th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2404.01878","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2404.01878","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.01878","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2404.01878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2404.01878","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2404.01878","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2404.01878","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2404.01878","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.01878","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2566171603","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FRG-21-M-E94","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321430","funder_display_name":"American University of Sharjah"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321430","display_name":"American University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/001g2fj96"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400527612.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400527612.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2202109488","https://openalex.org/W2405756170","https://openalex.org/W2536132686","https://openalex.org/W2552611751","https://openalex.org/W2579578355","https://openalex.org/W2621350877","https://openalex.org/W2768626898","https://openalex.org/W2883780447","https://openalex.org/W2904367110","https://openalex.org/W2906327916","https://openalex.org/W2912336782","https://openalex.org/W2946948417","https://openalex.org/W2949605076","https://openalex.org/W2949650786","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963626105","https://openalex.org/W2963772001","https://openalex.org/W2980459401","https://openalex.org/W2995327724","https://openalex.org/W2998718632","https://openalex.org/W3019705844","https://openalex.org/W3026321879","https://openalex.org/W3034214108","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3135809943","https://openalex.org/W3174194560","https://openalex.org/W4298289240","https://openalex.org/W4386076638","https://openalex.org/W4391513954"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414945320","https://openalex.org/W7135045753","https://openalex.org/W4414721091","https://openalex.org/W7160352736","https://openalex.org/W4405845899","https://openalex.org/W7223379879","https://openalex.org/W3174232000","https://openalex.org/W7134915041","https://openalex.org/W4402749502","https://openalex.org/W7147141262"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,39,73,85,102,105,112,118,130,134,137,146,159,199],"ever-growing":[2],"power":[3],"of":[4,38,76,93,104,114,136,176,190,202],"generative":[5],"artificial":[6],"intelligence,":[7],"deepfake":[8,46,221],"and":[9,23,41,47,66,87,125,174,180,216,222],"artificially":[10],"generated":[11],"(synthetic)":[12],"media":[13],"have":[14],"continued":[15],"to":[16,81,153],"spread":[17],"online,":[18],"which":[19],"creates":[20],"various":[21,191],"ethical":[22],"moral":[24],"concerns":[25],"regarding":[26],"their":[27,68,97],"usage.":[28],"To":[29],"tackle":[30],"this,":[31],"we":[32,60,79,143],"thus":[33],"present":[34],"a":[35,169],"novel":[36],"exploration":[37],"trends":[40],"patterns":[42,131],"observed":[43],"in":[44,56,70,101,111],"real,":[45],"synthetic":[48,155],"facial":[49,156,213],"images.":[50,77,203],"The":[51],"proposed":[52],"analysis":[53,189,205],"is":[54],"done":[55],"two":[57],"parts:":[58],"firstly,":[59],"incorporate":[61],"eight":[62],"deep":[63],"learning":[64],"models":[65,149],"analyze":[67],"performances":[69],"distinguishing":[71],"between":[72,89,133],"three":[74,91,138,200,228],"classes":[75],"Next,":[78],"look":[80],"further":[82,127,188],"delve":[83],"into":[84],"similarities":[86],"differences":[88,197],"these":[90],"sets":[92],"images":[94,135,225],"by":[95,187],"investigating":[96],"image":[98,107,192,214],"properties":[99],"both":[100],"context":[103,113],"entire":[106],"as":[108,110],"well":[109],"specific":[115],"regions":[116],"within":[117],"image.":[119],"ANOVA":[120],"test":[121],"was":[122,185],"also":[123,217],"performed":[124],"provided":[126],"clarity":[128],"amongst":[129],"associated":[132],"classes.":[139,230],"From":[140],"our":[141],"findings,":[142],"observe":[144],"that":[145,219],"investigated":[147],"deep-learning":[148],"found":[150],"it":[151],"easier":[152],"detect":[154],"images,":[157],"with":[158,168],"ViT":[160],"Patch-16":[161],"model":[162],"performing":[163],"best":[164],"on":[165],"this":[166],"task":[167],"class-averaged":[170],"sensitivity,":[171],"specificity,":[172],"precision,":[173],"accuracy":[175],"97.37%,":[177],"98.69%,":[178],"97.48%,":[179],"98.25%,":[181],"respectively.":[182],"This":[183,204],"observation":[184],"supported":[186],"properties.":[193],"We":[194],"saw":[195],"noticeable":[196],"across":[198],"category":[201],"can":[206],"help":[207],"us":[208],"build":[209],"better":[210],"algorithms":[211],"for":[212],"generation,":[215],"shows":[218],"synthetic,":[220],"real":[223],"face":[224],"are":[226],"indeed":[227],"different":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2024-07-12T00:00:00"}