{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400487583","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkae055","title":"A numerical investigation into the effect of altering compression ratio, injection timing, and injection duration on the performance of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel\u2013biodiesel\u2013butanol blend","display_name":"A numerical investigation into the effect of altering compression ratio, injection timing, and injection duration on the performance of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel\u2013biodiesel\u2013butanol blend","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400487583","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkae055"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/ce/zkae055","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkae055","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkae055","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ce/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/ce/zkae055/58499352/zkae055.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177959","display_name":"Clean Energy","issn_l":"2515-396X","issn":["2515-396X","2515-4230"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clean Energy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ce/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/ce/zkae055/58499352/zkae055.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101598245","display_name":"Abdulkarim Youssef","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3277-8103","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3277-8103"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36314861","display_name":"Beirut Arab University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jya5567","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdulkarim Youssef","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering Department, Beirut Arab University , 11 5020 Beirut , Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3277-8103","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Beirut Arab University , 11 5020 Beirut , Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027826130","display_name":"Amr Ibrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4398-3014","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4398-3014"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36314861","display_name":"Beirut Arab University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jya5567","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84524832","display_name":"Alexandria University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mzz1w90","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}],"countries":["EG","LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amr Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering Department, Alexandria University , Alex 21544 , Egypt","Mechanical Engineering Department, Beirut Arab University , 11 5020 Beirut , Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Alexandria University , Alex 21544 , Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Beirut Arab University , 11 5020 Beirut , Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101598245"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"],"apc_list":{"value":0,"currency":"USD","value_usd":0},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8884,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83020602,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"5","first_page":"73","last_page":"96"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10507","display_name":"Biodiesel Production and Applications","score":0.5425000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10507","display_name":"Biodiesel Production and Applications","score":0.5425000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10117","display_name":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","score":0.45210000872612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13990","display_name":"Engine and Fuel Emissions","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compression-ratio","display_name":"compression ratio","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/injection-timing","display_name":"injection timing","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/injection-duration","display_name":"injection duration","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nox-emissions","display_name":"NOx emissions","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engine-performance","display_name":"engine performance","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-release-rate","display_name":"heat release rate","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combustion-phasing","display_name":"combustion phasing","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brake-specific-fuel-consumption","display_name":"brake specific fuel consumption","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-efficiency","display_name":"thermal efficiency","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biodiesel","display_name":"biodiesel","score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/butanol","display_name":"butanol","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engine-simulation","display_name":"engine simulation","score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engine-optimization","display_name":"engine optimization","score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exhaust-gas-recirculation","display_name":"exhaust gas recirculation","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engine-load","display_name":"engine load","score":0.5440000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52896960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167947","display_name":"Biodiesel","level":3,"score":0.7985918521881104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138171918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38423","display_name":"Diesel fuel","level":2,"score":0.7172852158546448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780804531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174174","display_name":"Diesel engine","level":2,"score":0.6802585124969482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25797200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828137","display_name":"Compression ratio","level":3,"score":0.637479841709137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112758219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16038819","display_name":"Duration (music)","level":2,"score":0.5506734251976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.5134783387184143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777713963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663902","display_name":"Butanol","level":3,"score":0.5080397129058838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180016635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2712821","display_name":"Compression (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4874582290649414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780021418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16391","display_name":"n-Butanol","level":4,"score":0.4234158992767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132927557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4230094","display_name":"Carbureted compression ignition model engine","level":5,"score":0.4137878119945526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3425397276878357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.24522128701210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21176886558532715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71034217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q142663","display_name":"Diesel cycle","level":4,"score":0.20822769403457642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.175214946269989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.13963118195533752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11651226878166199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511840579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12757","display_name":"Internal combustion engine","level":2,"score":0.11477455496788025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780161600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153","display_name":"Ethanol","level":2,"score":0.10794702172279358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161790260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264","display_name":"Catalysis","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/ce/zkae055","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkae055","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkae055","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ce/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/ce/zkae055/58499352/zkae055.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177959","display_name":"Clean Energy","issn_l":"2515-396X","issn":["2515-396X","2515-4230"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clean Energy","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/ce/zkae055","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkae055","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkae055","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/ce/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/ce/zkae055/58499352/zkae055.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177959","display_name":"Clean Energy","issn_l":"2515-396X","issn":["2515-396X","2515-4230"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clean Energy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9090999960899353},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.685699999332428}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400487583.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400487583.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W772424605","https://openalex.org/W1164609955","https://openalex.org/W1489816821","https://openalex.org/W1514316576","https://openalex.org/W1528977802","https://openalex.org/W1535403578","https://openalex.org/W1541551365","https://openalex.org/W1544112993","https://openalex.org/W1946330067","https://openalex.org/W1970006206","https://openalex.org/W1978723439","https://openalex.org/W1993333907","https://openalex.org/W2017031767","https://openalex.org/W2019420972","https://openalex.org/W2064250532","https://openalex.org/W2074192703","https://openalex.org/W2076826609","https://openalex.org/W2083771205","https://openalex.org/W2095092319","https://openalex.org/W2123622168","https://openalex.org/W2160456562","https://openalex.org/W2265290721","https://openalex.org/W2326535475","https://openalex.org/W2344376727","https://openalex.org/W2546668794","https://openalex.org/W2624290735","https://openalex.org/W2735578670","https://openalex.org/W2749582413","https://openalex.org/W2885026370","https://openalex.org/W2909149226","https://openalex.org/W2968511950","https://openalex.org/W2991760042","https://openalex.org/W2994731032","https://openalex.org/W2997770654","https://openalex.org/W3000049057","https://openalex.org/W3000853050","https://openalex.org/W3030560312","https://openalex.org/W3037789553","https://openalex.org/W3043950478","https://openalex.org/W3089243701","https://openalex.org/W3103658897","https://openalex.org/W3110730458","https://openalex.org/W3134494819","https://openalex.org/W3169207591","https://openalex.org/W3197821242","https://openalex.org/W4206084520","https://openalex.org/W4220760190","https://openalex.org/W4220956979","https://openalex.org/W4220988122","https://openalex.org/W4283743729","https://openalex.org/W4291534563","https://openalex.org/W4293522935","https://openalex.org/W4294287185","https://openalex.org/W4295123522","https://openalex.org/W4296919022","https://openalex.org/W4315779179","https://openalex.org/W4366160668","https://openalex.org/W4388980212","https://openalex.org/W4394605720"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2964612816","https://openalex.org/W4396733351","https://openalex.org/W3002277225","https://openalex.org/W3195676737","https://openalex.org/W3030749595","https://openalex.org/W2737204640","https://openalex.org/W3014499255","https://openalex.org/W4400532912","https://openalex.org/W4401096380","https://openalex.org/W2790052568"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Using":[1],"renewable":[2],"fuels":[3,61],"for":[4,63,195,259,341,383,413],"diesel":[5,33,67],"engines":[6],"can":[7],"reduce":[8],"both":[9,315],"air":[10],"pollution":[11],"and":[12,28,51,74,84,201,212,222,244,254,261,278,323,343,350,375,385,405,415,420],"dependence":[13],"on":[14],"fossil":[15],"fuels.":[16],"A":[17],"computer":[18],"simulation":[19,40],"was":[20,41,58,114,152,174,232,294,301,306,394],"constructed":[21],"to":[22,122,130,142,161,178,367,387,398,427,439],"predict":[23],"the":[24,45,56,64,96,105,111,115,119,124,169,187,190,196,229,235,251,267,287,292,297,304,324,327,330,335,338,355,363,380,392,410,428],"performance,":[25],"combustion":[26,299],"characteristics,":[27],"NOx":[29,101,132,308,332,339,381,411,448],"emissions":[30,102,309,340,382,412],"of":[31,98,110,118,146,166,182,218,238,271,274,326,373,377,403,408,425,441],"a":[32,52,272,371,401,445],"engine":[34,106,125,135,193,205,269,331,360],"fuelled":[35],"with":[36,78,266,311,354,444],"diesel\u2013biodiesel\u2013butanol":[37,76],"blends.":[38],"The":[39,60,108,134,203,282,423],"validated":[42],"by":[43,90,257,348,389,418],"comparing":[44],"modelling":[46],"results":[47,57,93,357,435],"against":[48],"experimental":[49,356],"data":[50],"good":[53],"agreement":[54],"between":[55],"found.":[59],"used":[62],"validation":[65],"were":[66,226,345,437],"(B0),":[68],"biodiesel":[69],"(B100),":[70],"diesel\u2013biodiesel":[71,429],"blend":[72,430],"(B50),":[73],"two":[75,197],"blends":[77,264],"45%":[79],"diesel\u201345%":[80],"biodiesel\u201310%":[81],"butanol":[82,88,99,129,426],"(Bu10)":[83],"40%":[85],"diesel\u201340%":[86],"biodiesel\u201320%":[87],"(Bu20)":[89],"volume.":[91],"Experimental":[92],"showed":[94,185,434],"that":[95,186,436],"addition":[97,424],"reduced":[100,153],"but":[103],"deteriorated":[104],"performance.":[107],"aim":[109],"current":[112],"work":[113],"numerical":[116],"optimization":[117],"different":[120],"parameters":[121],"enhance":[123],"performance":[126,194],"while":[127,296,314],"using":[128],"decrease":[131,388,446],"emissions.":[133,333,449],"compression":[136],"ratio":[137],"(CR)":[138],"varied":[139],"from":[140,154,176,365,396],"14":[141],"24,":[143],"in":[144,164,180,189,318,447],"increments":[145,165,181],"2.":[147],"Fuel":[148],"injection":[149,171],"timing":[150],"(IT)":[151],"30\u00b0":[155,276],"before":[156],"top":[157],"dead":[158],"centre":[159],"(bTDC)":[160],"5\u00b0":[162,368],"bTDC":[163,242,280,369],"5\u00b0.":[167],"Also,":[168],"fuel":[170,215,231,263],"duration":[172],"(IDur)":[173],"extended":[175],"20\u00b0":[177,397],"50\u00b0":[179,399],"10\u00b0.":[183],"Results":[184],"increase":[188,317],"CR":[191,273,372,402],"improved":[192,256],"investigated":[198],"fuels,":[199],"Bu10":[200,230,260,342,384,414],"Bu20.":[202],"maximum":[204],"brake":[206],"power":[207],"(BP),":[208],"thermal":[209],"efficiency":[210],"(BTE),":[211],"minimum":[213],"brake-specific":[214],"consumption":[216],"(BSFC)":[217],"1.46":[219],"kW,":[220],"32.3%,":[221],"0.273":[223],"kg/kWh":[224],"respectively,":[225,352],"obtained":[227],"when":[228,291,303],"injected":[233],"under":[234,358,431],"optimum":[236,249,336,432],"conditions":[237,270,433],"24":[239,374,404],"CR,":[240,313],"15\u00b0":[241,366],"IT,":[243],"40\u00b0":[245,378],"IDur.":[246],"Under":[247,334],"these":[248],"conditions,":[250,337],"BP,":[252],"BTE,":[253],"BSFC":[255],"3%\u20133.5%":[258],"Bu20":[262,344,386,416],"compared":[265,353],"base":[268,359],"22,":[275],"IDur,":[277],"10\u00b0":[279],"IT.":[281],"heat":[283],"release":[284],"rate":[285],"during":[286],"premixed":[288],"phase":[289,300],"increased":[290,310,395],"IT":[293,305,322,328,364,407],"advanced,":[295],"mixing-controlled":[298],"enhanced":[302],"reduced.":[307],"increasing":[312],"an":[316,406],"IDur":[319,376,393],"at":[320,370,400],"constant":[321],"reduction":[325],"decreased":[329,347,417],"further":[346],"2.2%":[349],"0.9%,":[351],"conditions.":[361],"Reducing":[362],"caused":[379],"16%.":[390],"When":[391],"15\u00b0bTDC,":[409],"12.3%":[419],"11.8%,":[421],"respectively.":[422],"comparable":[438],"those":[440],"pure":[442],"diesel,":[443]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2024-07-11T00:00:00"}