{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400459482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-024-02071-w","title":"Privacy\u2019s Sky-High Battle: The Use of Unmanned Aircraft Systems for Law Enforcement in the European Union","display_name":"Privacy\u2019s Sky-High Battle: The Use of Unmanned Aircraft Systems for Law Enforcement in the European Union","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400459482","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-024-02071-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10846-024-02071-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-024-02071-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-024-02071-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91329792","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems","issn_l":"0921-0296","issn":["0921-0296","1573-0409"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-024-02071-w","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100286551","display_name":"\u00d6yk\u00fc Kurtp\u0131nar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9960-575X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9960-575X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"E. \u00d6yk\u00fc Kurtp\u0131nar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Air and Space Law, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9960-575X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Air and Space Law, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100286551"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":20.605,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99183542,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"110","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12921","display_name":"European Criminal Justice and Data Protection","score":0.00559999980032444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13088","display_name":"Legal and Labor Studies","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1410","display_name":"Industrial relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unmanned-aircraft-systems","display_name":"unmanned aircraft systems","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-enforcement","display_name":"law enforcement","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/right-to-privacy","display_name":"right to privacy","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-protection","display_name":"data protection","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-data-protection-regulation","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-enforcement-directive","display_name":"Law Enforcement Directive","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eu-law","display_name":"European Union law","score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eu-ai-act","display_name":"EU AI Act","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aviation-regulation","display_name":"aviation law","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surveillance","display_name":"surveillance","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bulk-data-collection","display_name":"bulk data collection","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-security","display_name":"data security","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"transparency","score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surveillance-ethics","display_name":"ethics of surveillance","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-enforcement","display_name":"regulatory enforcement","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stakeholder-collaboration","display_name":"stakeholder collaboration","score":0.7009999752044678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.6849678754806519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.5878437757492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.5274981260299683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5112922191619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.49949002265930176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.49758628010749817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4709274172782898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.4485977590084076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776743756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5097921","display_name":"Safeguarding","level":2,"score":0.4309074878692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141972696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1247836","display_name":"Privacy law","level":4,"score":0.4305607080459595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4268604815006256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.4133409261703491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102938260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1999831","display_name":"Privacy policy","level":3,"score":0.3543975055217743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3435208797454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.22686374187469482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.18965911865234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105639569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577","display_name":"Economic policy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10846-024-02071-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-024-02071-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-024-02071-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91329792","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems","issn_l":"0921-0296","issn":["0921-0296","1573-0409"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.31UKB_LEU:9940746090402711","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/4208871","pdf_url":"https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/download/1887/4208871/1?col=81522199490002711","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400850","display_name":"Leiden Repository (Leiden University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","host_organization_name":"Leiden University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, No. 3, 99","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl:item_4208871","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4208871","pdf_url":"https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A4208872/view","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400850","display_name":"Leiden Repository (Leiden University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","host_organization_name":"Leiden University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10846-024-02071-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-024-02071-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-024-02071-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91329792","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems","issn_l":"0921-0296","issn":["0921-0296","1573-0409"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":1.0,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W178910494","https://openalex.org/W248308053","https://openalex.org/W1990592068","https://openalex.org/W1992577874","https://openalex.org/W1999838653","https://openalex.org/W2056052443","https://openalex.org/W2143824486","https://openalex.org/W2171338122","https://openalex.org/W2171583598","https://openalex.org/W2464858475","https://openalex.org/W2477379160","https://openalex.org/W2488197408","https://openalex.org/W2589507437","https://openalex.org/W2749797087","https://openalex.org/W2791612637","https://openalex.org/W2905066285","https://openalex.org/W2905809622","https://openalex.org/W2914268030","https://openalex.org/W2966996929","https://openalex.org/W2970724283","https://openalex.org/W3003880108","https://openalex.org/W3006281984","https://openalex.org/W3013637891","https://openalex.org/W3020869540","https://openalex.org/W3022785024","https://openalex.org/W3089127808","https://openalex.org/W3122757759","https://openalex.org/W3126843207","https://openalex.org/W3166081899","https://openalex.org/W3170088786","https://openalex.org/W3176991944","https://openalex.org/W3180969989","https://openalex.org/W3185305487","https://openalex.org/W3192290925","https://openalex.org/W3200983633","https://openalex.org/W3204448996","https://openalex.org/W3211982349","https://openalex.org/W3212020324","https://openalex.org/W4205844178","https://openalex.org/W4214918848","https://openalex.org/W4225162055","https://openalex.org/W4239012493","https://openalex.org/W4288995270","https://openalex.org/W4293162904","https://openalex.org/W4306251516","https://openalex.org/W4361220147","https://openalex.org/W4377081817","https://openalex.org/W4385770155"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2923691455","https://openalex.org/W6945933676","https://openalex.org/W1484650027","https://openalex.org/W7214995658","https://openalex.org/W3028054160","https://openalex.org/W7034583298","https://openalex.org/W3083981314","https://openalex.org/W7160058947","https://openalex.org/W3081769349","https://openalex.org/W4385980805"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Benefiting":[1],"from":[2,90],"the":[3,42,63,71,84,91,110,114,119,127,131,139,183,201,225,252,257,265],"rapid":[4],"advancements":[5],"in":[6,33,144,279],"Unmanned":[7],"Aircraft":[8],"Systems":[9],"(UAS)":[10],"technology":[11],"with":[12,102],"enhanced":[13],"tracking":[14],"and":[15,38,67,87,104,126,147,171,182,241,255,271],"data":[16,55,68,72,79,82,105,148,175],"collection":[17],"capabilities,":[18],"law":[19,46,151,188,221,235,283],"enforcement":[20,47,152,189,222,236,253,284],"authorities":[21],"re-discovered":[22],"air":[23],"as":[24,96,98,199],"a":[25,34],"dimension":[26],"where":[27],"state":[28],"power":[29],"can":[30,50,57],"be":[31,58],"exercised":[32],"more":[35],"affordable,":[36],"accessible,":[37],"compact":[39],"way.":[40],"On":[41],"other":[43],"hand,":[44],"during":[45],"operations,":[48,237],"UAS":[49,155,209,246,280],"collect":[51],"various":[52,123],"types":[53],"of":[54,70,94,109,154,178,200,267],"that":[56,138],"personal":[59],"or":[60],"sensitive,":[61],"threatening":[62],"right":[64],"to":[65,78,168,187,233,260,273],"privacy":[66,103,146],"protection":[69,149,173],"subjects.":[73,176],"Risks":[74],"include":[75],"challenges":[76],"related":[77],"security,":[80],"bulk":[81],"collection,":[83],"diminished":[85],"transparency":[86],"fairness":[88],"resulting":[89],"inconspicuous":[92],"nature":[93],"UAS,":[95,190],"well":[97],"ethical":[99],"concerns":[100],"intertwined":[101],"protection.":[106],"Upon":[107],"examination":[108],"legal":[111,141],"framework":[112,164,227],"including":[113],"General":[115],"Data":[116],"Protection":[117],"Regulation":[118],"Law":[120],"Enforcement":[121,177],"Directive,":[122],"Aviation":[124,184],"rules,":[125],"new":[128],"proposal":[129],"for":[130,174,231,282],"Artificial":[132,205],"Intelligence":[133,206],"Act,":[134],"it":[135],"becomes":[136],"apparent":[137],"EU":[140],"framework\u2019s":[142],"adequacy":[143],"safeguarding":[145],"against":[150,244],"use":[153,160],"is":[156,180,228,285],"context-dependent,":[157],"varying":[158],"across":[159],"cases.":[161],"The":[162,204],"current":[163],"lacks":[165],"clarity,":[166],"leading":[167],"arbitrary":[169],"application":[170],"limited":[172],"safeguards":[179],"insufficient,":[181],"Regulations,":[185],"applicable":[186],"require":[191],"member":[192],"states'":[193],"opt-in,":[194],"which":[195],"has":[196],"not":[197],"occurred":[198],"authors\u2019":[202],"knowledge.":[203],"Act":[207],"addresses":[208],"operations":[210],"but":[211],"focuses":[212],"on":[213,220],"market":[214],"risks":[215],"rather":[216],"than":[217],"obligations":[218],"imposed":[219],"authorities.":[223],"Consequently,":[224],"existing":[226],"rendered":[229],"inadequate":[230],"medium":[232],"high-risk":[234],"leaving":[238],"individuals":[239],"vulnerable":[240],"insufficiently":[242],"protected":[243],"intrusive":[245],"surveillance.":[247],"Rectifying":[248],"this":[249],"involves":[250],"addressing":[251],"gap":[254],"making":[256],"necessary":[258],"amendments":[259],"relevant":[261],"regulatory":[262],"aspects.":[263],"Additionally,":[264],"implementation":[266],"specific":[268],"technical":[269],"measures":[270],"steps":[272],"foster":[274],"effective":[275],"cooperation":[276],"among":[277],"stakeholders":[278],"deployment":[281],"imperative.":[286]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-25T09:29:13.331239","created_date":"2024-07-10T00:00:00"}