{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400157172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2024-0008","title":"The Determinants of the Incidence of Employer-Provided Training in the Western Balkans","display_name":"The Determinants of the Incidence of Employer-Provided Training in the Western Balkans","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400157172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2024-0008"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/jeb-2024-0008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2024-0008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2024-0008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210187131","display_name":"South East European Journal of Economics and Business","issn_l":"2233-1999","issn":["2233-1999","1840-118X","2303-887X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"South East European Journal of Economics and Business","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2024-0008","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039300978","display_name":"Ardiana N. Gashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9225-6788","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9225-6788"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78768387","display_name":"University of Prishtina","ror":"https://ror.org/05t3p2g92","country_code":"XK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78768387"]}],"countries":["XK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ardiana Gashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["PhD, Professor, Faculty of Economics , University of Prishtina , Address: Street Agim ramadani, n.n., 10000 Prishtina, Country: Kosovo"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9225-6788","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PhD, Professor, Faculty of Economics , University of Prishtina , Address: Street Agim ramadani, n.n., 10000 Prishtina, Country: Kosovo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78768387"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029821569","display_name":"Nick J. Adnett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1377-2048","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1377-2048"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198012923","display_name":"University of Staffordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/00d6k8y35","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nick J. Adnett","raw_affiliation_strings":["PhD, Emeritus Professor, Business School , Staffordshire University , Country: United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1377-2048","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PhD, Emeritus Professor, Business School , Staffordshire University , Country: United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039300978"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78768387"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6537,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6985461,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":"113","last_page":"122"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11994","display_name":"Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation","score":0.4587000012397766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11994","display_name":"Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation","score":0.4587000012397766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.1062999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14508","display_name":"Vocational Education and Training","score":0.09749999642372131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employer-training","display_name":"employer-provided training","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-incidence","display_name":"training incidence","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/western-balkans","display_name":"Western Balkans","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-ownership","display_name":"foreign ownership","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exporting-firms","display_name":"exporters","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/micro-and-small-enterprises","display_name":"micro and small enterprises","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity-gap","display_name":"productivity gap","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eu-convergence","display_name":"EU convergence","score":0.7559999823570251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.8395065069198608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.6575658917427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5139769911766052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.45177334547042847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.41782280802726746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.33437567949295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.32233577966690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.26511523127555847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.16875487565994263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2478/jeb-2024-0008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2024-0008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2024-0008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210187131","display_name":"South East European Journal of Economics and Business","issn_l":"2233-1999","issn":["2233-1999","1840-118X","2303-887X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"South East European Journal of Economics and Business","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/jeb-2024-0008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2024-0008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2024-0008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210187131","display_name":"South East European Journal of Economics and Business","issn_l":"2233-1999","issn":["2233-1999","1840-118X","2303-887X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"South East European Journal of Economics and Business","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W198369986","https://openalex.org/W1574435324","https://openalex.org/W1988648142","https://openalex.org/W2034311186","https://openalex.org/W2065905325","https://openalex.org/W2089091037","https://openalex.org/W2159147610","https://openalex.org/W3007875663","https://openalex.org/W3125353260","https://openalex.org/W3125875912","https://openalex.org/W3147925858","https://openalex.org/W4210538560","https://openalex.org/W4386831797","https://openalex.org/W4388414256","https://openalex.org/W4389256029","https://openalex.org/W6908572894"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3111017799","https://openalex.org/W3123567902","https://openalex.org/W7137763472","https://openalex.org/W2863102499","https://openalex.org/W2773163229","https://openalex.org/W2895728079","https://openalex.org/W3199989744","https://openalex.org/W2120511774","https://openalex.org/W2133401901","https://openalex.org/W3083196979"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"If":[1],"the":[2,7,16,19,36,57,61,79,82,102,143,165],"standards":[3],"of":[4,28,38,56,60,67,78,81,84,159],"living":[5],"in":[6,15,53,94,101,164],"Western":[8,62,103],"Balkans":[9,104],"are":[10,119,124,135,152,162],"to":[11,71,121,127,138],"converge":[12],"on":[13,90],"those":[14,109,113],"EU":[17],"then":[18],"current":[20,147],"productivity":[21],"gap":[22,30],"needs":[23],"eliminating.":[24],"A":[25,76],"significant":[26,154],"portion":[27],"that":[29,45,100,116],"would":[31],"ideally":[32],"be":[33],"eliminated":[34],"through":[35],"expansion":[37],"employer-provided":[39,85],"training.":[40,140],"However,":[41],"survey":[42],"data":[43],"indicate":[44],"since":[46],"2016":[47],"training":[48,86,123],"incidence":[49,83],"has":[50],"been":[51],"rising":[52],"only":[54],"two":[55],"six":[58],"countries":[59],"Balkans.":[63],"The":[64,156],"main":[65],"contribution":[66],"this":[68,73],"paper":[69],"is":[70,87,98],"investigate":[72],"disappointing":[74],"performance.":[75],"model":[77],"determinants":[80],"developed":[88],"based":[89],"theory":[91],"and":[92,112,132,145,149],"investigations":[93],"other":[95],"countries.":[96],"It":[97],"found":[99],"firms":[105,134],"with":[106],"foreign":[107],"owners,":[108],"who":[110,114],"export":[111],"report":[115],"their":[117,150],"employees":[118],"eager":[120],"access":[122],"more":[125],"likely":[126,137],"provide":[128,139],"training,":[129],"whilst":[130],"micro":[131],"small":[133],"less":[136],"Sentiments":[141],"regarding":[142],"firm\u2019s":[144],"economy\u2019s":[146],"performance":[148],"prospects":[151],"also":[153],"determinants.":[155],"policy":[157],"implications":[158],"these":[160],"findings":[161],"addressed":[163],"concluding":[166],"section.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2024-06-30T00:00:00"}