{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400041208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18280/ts.410338","title":"Digital Documents Integrity Protection Using Invisible Changeable Watermark","display_name":"Digital Documents Integrity Protection Using Invisible Changeable Watermark","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400041208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18280/ts.410338"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18280/ts.410338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18280/ts.410338","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ts.410338","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120060627","display_name":"Traitement du signal","issn_l":"0765-0019","issn":["0765-0019","1958-5608"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312982","host_organization_name":"International Information and Engineering Technology Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312982"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Information and Engineering Technology Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Traitement du Signal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ts.410338","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084802411","display_name":"Ahmad M. Nagm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1801-0381","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1801-0381"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad M. Nagm","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mohamed Shehata","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140988","display_name":"Cairo Higher Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/045rvh172","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140988"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Shehata","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Electronics, Cairo Higher Institute for Engineering, Computer Science and Management, Cairo 11477, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Electronics, Cairo Higher Institute for Engineering, Computer Science and Management, Cairo 11477, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024079346","display_name":"Ahmed S. Salama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1066-8261","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1066-8261"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186217134","display_name":"Future University in Egypt","ror":"https://ror.org/03s8c2x09","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186217134"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140988","display_name":"Cairo Higher Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/045rvh172","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140988"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed S. Salama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Electronics, Cairo Higher Institute for Engineering, Computer Science and Management, Cairo 11477, Egypt","Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Future University, New Cairo 11835, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Electronics, Cairo Higher Institute for Engineering, Computer Science and Management, Cairo 11477, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140988"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Future University, New Cairo 11835, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186217134"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087657491","display_name":"Mohamed S. Abdallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7351-625X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7351-625X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156128","display_name":"Electronics Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0532wcf75","country_code":"EG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094263","https://openalex.org/I4210156128"]}],"countries":["EG","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed S. Abdallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Laboratory, DeltaX Co., Ltd., Seoul 08213, Republic of Korea","Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13415, Republic of Korea","Informatics Department, Electronics Research Institute (ERI), Cairo 11843, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Laboratory, DeltaX Co., Ltd., Seoul 08213, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13415, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informatics Department, Electronics Research Institute (ERI), Cairo 11843, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156128"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023896107","display_name":"Young Im Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0184-7599","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0184-7599"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Young-Im Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13415, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13415, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055349951","display_name":"Mohammed Elwan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0773-8089","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0773-8089"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59272784","display_name":"Arab Academy for Science, Technology, and Maritime Transport","ror":"https://ror.org/0004vyj87","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59272784"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Elwan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Information Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT), Smart Village, B 2401, Giza 12577, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Information Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT), Smart Village, B 2401, Giza 12577, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59272784"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023896107"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1066,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.27642692,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"3","first_page":"1507","last_page":"1515"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13674","display_name":"Computer Science and Engineering","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invisible-watermarking","display_name":"invisible watermarking","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tamper-detection","display_name":"tamper detection","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"optical character recognition","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/least-significant-bit-embedding","display_name":"least significant bit embedding","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark-extraction","display_name":"watermark extraction","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"image quality","score":0.5820000171661377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.8021664023399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5570752620697021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5353114604949951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.525175929069519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.36327821016311646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3286302089691162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0632668137550354}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18280/ts.410338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18280/ts.410338","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ts.410338","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120060627","display_name":"Traitement du signal","issn_l":"0765-0019","issn":["0765-0019","1958-5608"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312982","host_organization_name":"International Information and Engineering Technology Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312982"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Information and Engineering Technology Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Traitement du Signal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18280/ts.410338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18280/ts.410338","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ts.410338","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120060627","display_name":"Traitement du signal","issn_l":"0765-0019","issn":["0765-0019","1958-5608"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312982","host_organization_name":"International Information and Engineering Technology Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312982"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Information and Engineering Technology Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Traitement du Signal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W106667004","https://openalex.org/W1493698890","https://openalex.org/W1497900311","https://openalex.org/W1527930151","https://openalex.org/W1567629897","https://openalex.org/W1577368389","https://openalex.org/W1964497623","https://openalex.org/W1992330443","https://openalex.org/W1997993208","https://openalex.org/W2014421517","https://openalex.org/W2058218177","https://openalex.org/W2060119483","https://openalex.org/W2071132803","https://openalex.org/W2078271453","https://openalex.org/W2085749377","https://openalex.org/W2093390643","https://openalex.org/W2121036560","https://openalex.org/W2128598745","https://openalex.org/W2129223290","https://openalex.org/W2138530581","https://openalex.org/W2139453288","https://openalex.org/W2139546225","https://openalex.org/W2141852054","https://openalex.org/W2147290307","https://openalex.org/W2158986121","https://openalex.org/W2162371785","https://openalex.org/W2270273177","https://openalex.org/W2344320947","https://openalex.org/W2471772059","https://openalex.org/W2508543527","https://openalex.org/W2588334082","https://openalex.org/W2604565470","https://openalex.org/W2806195408","https://openalex.org/W2806536795","https://openalex.org/W2884582391","https://openalex.org/W2909571295","https://openalex.org/W2945219270","https://openalex.org/W2952068383","https://openalex.org/W2965662887","https://openalex.org/W2978514691","https://openalex.org/W2997999392","https://openalex.org/W3135485348","https://openalex.org/W3151242454","https://openalex.org/W3173185241","https://openalex.org/W3206880386","https://openalex.org/W4306149360","https://openalex.org/W4313328931"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2383651217","https://openalex.org/W2376834669","https://openalex.org/W1975125999","https://openalex.org/W2182521165","https://openalex.org/W2349440521","https://openalex.org/W2387708799","https://openalex.org/W2144305720","https://openalex.org/W2139416324","https://openalex.org/W2368064735","https://openalex.org/W2099830559"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,9,40,64,70,101,104,137,157,196],"the":[2,7,32,38,44,61,65,68,82,84,99,102,105,108,117,138,145,149,155,162,165,168,177,181,185,194,197,211,223,231,238,247],"strategies":[3],"used":[4,174],"to":[5,25,143,175,192,200,208],"secure":[6,18],"integrity":[8],"digital":[10],"documents":[11],"is":[12,23,56,77,87,98,120,141,173,221,229,236,244,252],"invisible":[13,19],"watermarking.In":[14],"this":[15],"research,":[16],"a":[17,123,189],"image":[20,51,86,147,172],"watermarking":[21],"technique":[22],"developed":[24],"identify":[26,201],"any":[27,158,202],"changes":[28],"or":[29],"tampering":[30],"within":[31],"document's":[33,45,85],"content.The":[34],"suggested":[35,178],"watermark":[36,55,118,125,153,163],"has":[37,188,213],"benefit":[39],"being":[41],"based":[42],"on":[43],"content":[46,195],"rather":[47],"than":[48],"putting":[49],"one":[50],"into":[52,79,89],"another.The":[53],"proposed":[54,75,152,186],"changeable":[57],"and":[58,67,160,164,180,199,246],"determined":[59],"by":[60],"word":[62],"order":[63],"text":[66,90,106],"number":[69],"letters":[71,103],"in":[72,128],"each":[73,129],"word.The":[74],"approach":[76],"divided":[78],"three":[80],"steps.In":[81],"beginning,":[83],"converted":[88],"using":[91,107,122],"Optical":[92],"Character":[93],"Recognition":[94],"(OCR).The":[95],"second":[96],"step":[97],"mapping":[100],"American":[109],"Standard":[110],"Code":[111],"for":[112],"Information":[113],"Interchange":[114],"(ASCI)":[115],"II.Finally,":[116],"bit":[119,133],"hidden":[121],"recommended":[124],"embedding":[126],"procedure":[127],"pixel's":[130],"least":[131],"significant":[132],"(LSB).The":[134],"main":[135],"target":[136],"traditional":[139],"algorithms":[140],"how":[142],"extract":[144],"watermarked":[146],"from":[148],"original":[150],"one.The":[151],"identifies":[154],"position":[156],"deliberations":[159],"preserves":[161],"information":[166],"at":[167],"same":[169],"time.A":[170],"JPG":[171],"evaluate":[176],"algorithm":[179,187],"findings":[182],"demonstrate":[183],"that":[184],"strong":[190],"capacity":[191],"retain":[193],"document":[198,212],"modifications.The":[203],"code":[204],"takes":[205],"1.5":[206],"seconds":[207],"test":[209],"if":[210],"been":[214],"tampered":[215],"with.The":[216],"Structural":[217],"Similarity":[218],"Index":[219,242],"(SSIM)":[220],"0.99998,":[222,245],"Peak":[224],"Signal":[225],"Noise":[226],"Ratio":[227],"(PSNR)":[228],"69.149,":[230],"Mean":[232,248],"Absolute":[233],"Error":[234,250],"(MAE)":[235],"0.0028,":[237],"Universal":[239],"Image":[240],"Quality":[241],"(UIQI)":[243],"Square":[249],"(MSE)":[251],"0.00791.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2024-06-27T00:00:00"}