{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399990010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojim.2024.3418466","title":"Multigranularity Feature Automatic Marking-Based Deep Learning for Anomaly Detection of Industrial Control Systems","display_name":"Multigranularity Feature Automatic Marking-Based Deep Learning for Anomaly Detection of Industrial Control Systems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399990010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojim.2024.3418466"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojim.2024.3418466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojim.2024.3418466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojim.2024.3418466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215344","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"2768-7236","issn":["2768-7236"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","norway-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojim.2024.3418466","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114585412","display_name":"Xinyi Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3404-4005","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3404-4005"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176808543","display_name":"Liaoning Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n2bd587","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyi Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Huludao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3404-4005","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Huludao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100771854","display_name":"Chi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7389-5763","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7389-5763","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9558-9097"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142078773","display_name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00ft6nj33","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768281","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics","ror":"https://ror.org/03pcw1780","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4391768281"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7389-5763","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4391768281"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113285082","display_name":"Lin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7135-6325","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7135-6325"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142078773","display_name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00ft6nj33","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768281","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics","ror":"https://ror.org/03pcw1780","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4391768281"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4391768281"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114585308","display_name":"Xinchun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3757-7988","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3757-7988"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176808543","display_name":"Liaoning Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n2bd587","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinchun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Huludao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3757-7988","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Huludao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1995,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1995},"apc_paid":{"value":1995,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1995},"fwci":0.3829,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54912767,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9394999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9394999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.04390000179409981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-control-systems","display_name":"industrial control systems","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"anomaly detection","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-control-protocols","display_name":"industrial control protocols","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol-identification","display_name":"protocol identification","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/1d-convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"1D convolutional neural network","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gated-recurrent-unit","display_name":"gated recurrent unit","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-security","display_name":"network security","score":0.3709999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177774035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246948","display_name":"Granularity","level":2,"score":0.8701802492141724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.8024331331253052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6703065633773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6339470744132996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6123497486114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5126027464866638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.49317020177841187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4365695118904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40795862674713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.397992342710495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.05606749653816223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojim.2024.3418466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojim.2024.3418466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojim.2024.3418466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215344","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"2768-7236","issn":["2768-7236"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","norway-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cfa7a735c694438eae86b714013d5e78","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cfa7a735c694438eae86b714013d5e78","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol 3, Pp 1-10 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojim.2024.3418466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojim.2024.3418466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojim.2024.3418466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215344","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"2768-7236","issn":["2768-7236"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","norway-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G623591977","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62173322","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7978573239","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92267108","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2241428156","https://openalex.org/W2889322176","https://openalex.org/W2891789701","https://openalex.org/W2971651357","https://openalex.org/W3007882214","https://openalex.org/W3090914153","https://openalex.org/W3116725211","https://openalex.org/W3130855572","https://openalex.org/W3133917079","https://openalex.org/W3134226201","https://openalex.org/W3135165465","https://openalex.org/W3190219082","https://openalex.org/W3202848566","https://openalex.org/W3217122106","https://openalex.org/W4214503256","https://openalex.org/W4225927428","https://openalex.org/W4294969178","https://openalex.org/W4308325138","https://openalex.org/W4322627748","https://openalex.org/W4324057373","https://openalex.org/W4378190553","https://openalex.org/W4386821998","https://openalex.org/W4392207813"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3183204459","https://openalex.org/W3000616083","https://openalex.org/W7216163948","https://openalex.org/W2905030198","https://openalex.org/W3085509055","https://openalex.org/W4309852611","https://openalex.org/W4386821719","https://openalex.org/W4297154560","https://openalex.org/W4401227723","https://openalex.org/W2543532614"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Industrial":[0],"control":[1,34],"systems":[2],"are":[3,25,45,52],"facing":[4],"ever-increasing":[5],"security":[6],"challenges":[7],"due":[8],"to":[9,61,80,88,104,127,148,173],"the":[10,17,29,63,90,114,119,123,129,144,151,156,175,191,196,206],"large-scale":[11],"access":[12],"of":[13,32,122,195],"heterogeneous":[14],"devices":[15],"in":[16,118],"open":[18],"Internet":[19],"environment.":[20],"Existing":[21],"anomaly":[22,64,85,180],"detection":[23],"methods":[24,58],"mainly":[26],"based":[27],"on":[28,184],"priori":[30,94],"knowledge":[31,51,95],"industrial":[33],"protocols":[35],"(ICPs)":[36],"whose":[37],"protocol":[38],"specifications,":[39],"communication":[40],"mechanism,":[41],"and":[42,108,169,178,193],"data":[43],"format":[44],"already":[46],"known.":[47],"However,":[48],"when":[49],"these":[50],"blank,":[53],"namely,":[54],"unknown":[55,82,176],"ICPs,":[56],"existing":[57],"become":[59],"powerless":[60],"detect":[62],"data.":[65],"To":[66],"tackle":[67],"this":[68],"challenge,":[69],"we":[70,97,135,160],"propose":[71,98,136],"a":[72,99,137],"multigranularity":[73,100],"feature":[74,91,101,130,138,146,152,158],"automatic":[75,139],"marking-based":[76],"deep":[77,133,162],"learning":[78,163],"method":[79,198],"classify":[81,174],"ICPs":[83,177],"for":[84,132],"detection.":[86,181],"First,":[87],"obtain":[89],"sequences":[92,131,147],"without":[93],"assisting,":[96],"extraction":[102],"algorithm":[103,141],"extract":[105],"both":[106,190],"byte":[107],"half-byte":[109],"information":[110,117],"by":[111],"fully":[112],"utilizing":[113],"intensive":[115],"key":[116],"header":[120],"field":[121],"application":[124],"layer.":[125],"Then,":[126],"label":[128],"learning,":[134],"marking":[140],"that":[142,189],"utilizes":[143],"inconsistency":[145],"dynamically":[149],"update":[150],"sequence":[153],"set.":[154],"With":[155],"labeled":[157],"sequences,":[159],"employ":[161],"with":[164],"1-D":[165],"convolutional":[166],"neural":[167],"network":[168],"gated":[170],"recurrent":[171],"unit":[172],"realize":[179],"Extensive":[182],"experiments":[183],"two":[185],"public":[186],"datasets":[187],"show":[188],"accuracy":[192],"precision":[194],"proposed":[197],"reach":[199],"above":[200],"98.4%,":[201],"which":[202],"is":[203],"better":[204],"than":[205],"three":[207],"benchmark":[208],"methods.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2024-06-25T00:00:00"}
