{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399569822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3672568","title":"On the Security of Selectively Encrypted HEVC Video Bitstreams","display_name":"On the Security of Selectively Encrypted HEVC Video Bitstreams","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399569822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3672568"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3672568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3672568","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3672568","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W4399569822"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044018801","display_name":"Chen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3462-209X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3462-209X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405263052","display_name":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/01vceef04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405263052","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China","Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3462-209X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405263052","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405263052","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072151673","display_name":"Lingfeng Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-4324","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-4324"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingfeng Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-4324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063653867","display_name":"Hadi Amirpour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9853-1720","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9853-1720"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166741","display_name":"University of Klagenfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/05q9m0937","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hadi Amirpour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Institute of Information Technology (ITEC), University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Institute of Information Technology (ITEC), University of Klagenfurt, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9853-1720","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Institute of Information Technology (ITEC), University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Institute of Information Technology (ITEC), University of Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090665476","display_name":"Xingjun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7426-7937","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7426-7937","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7852-2106"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405263052","display_name":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/01vceef04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405263052","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingjun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China","Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7426-7937","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405263052","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405263052","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057862649","display_name":"Christian Timmerer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0031-5243","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0031-5243"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166741","display_name":"University of Klagenfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/05q9m0937","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Timmerer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Institute of Information Technology (ITEC), University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Institute of Information Technology (ITEC), University of Klagenfurt, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0031-5243","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Institute of Information Technology (ITEC), University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Institute of Information Technology (ITEC), University of Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056608045","display_name":"Zhihong Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9409-5359","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9409-5359"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihong Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9409-5359","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7387,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65283333,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"9","first_page":"1","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.5684000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.5684000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.21330000460147858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.09860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selective-encryption","display_name":"selective encryption","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-efficiency-video-coding","display_name":"HEVC","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/h-265-hevc","display_name":"H.265/HEVC","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/known-plaintext-attack","display_name":"known-plaintext attack","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-content-protection","display_name":"video content protection","score":0.7870000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8251571655273438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.7591491937637329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92717368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1162538","display_name":"Plaintext","level":3,"score":0.5907453298568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.5897805094718933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136695289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415568","display_name":"Bitstream","level":3,"score":0.5870082378387451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.4837327301502228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.46750056743621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.4377361834049225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147977885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117010","display_name":"On-the-fly encryption","level":3,"score":0.4183007478713989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3536926209926605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3376308083534241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.29849398136138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1984291970729828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1817149817943573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.07578456401824951}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3672568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3672568","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3672568","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2010680383","https://openalex.org/W2031574987","https://openalex.org/W2077612710","https://openalex.org/W2120855246","https://openalex.org/W2129297265","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2146395539","https://openalex.org/W2161944218","https://openalex.org/W2165950109","https://openalex.org/W2171126197","https://openalex.org/W2269474954","https://openalex.org/W2291664432","https://openalex.org/W2344891549","https://openalex.org/W2473668536","https://openalex.org/W2702410215","https://openalex.org/W2725522151","https://openalex.org/W2766966028","https://openalex.org/W2767934672","https://openalex.org/W2768791825","https://openalex.org/W2792647549","https://openalex.org/W2945163637","https://openalex.org/W2954094283","https://openalex.org/W2982684954","https://openalex.org/W3013165393","https://openalex.org/W3026264620","https://openalex.org/W3094974019","https://openalex.org/W3097424423","https://openalex.org/W3130206931","https://openalex.org/W3175406864","https://openalex.org/W4210271954","https://openalex.org/W4229948457","https://openalex.org/W4235670393","https://openalex.org/W4244327587","https://openalex.org/W4254503661","https://openalex.org/W4387004577"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7165013915","https://openalex.org/W2980668088","https://openalex.org/W2937763123","https://openalex.org/W4399618122","https://openalex.org/W4403222537","https://openalex.org/W2750609583","https://openalex.org/W2077612710","https://openalex.org/W4392793570","https://openalex.org/W2954094283","https://openalex.org/W2344891549"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,22,57,74,80,84,87,106,115,122,129,134,138,142,153,160,167,172,175,183,186,195,200,206,214,218,225,240],"growing":[2],"applications":[3],"of":[4,11,24,60,86,152,177,185,220,229],"video,":[5],"ensuring":[6],"its":[7,30],"security":[8,47,58],"has":[9,17],"become":[10],"utmost":[12],"importance.":[13],"Selective":[14],"encryption":[15,135,187],"(SE)":[16],"gained":[18],"significant":[19,150],"attention":[20],"in":[21,102,141,171],"field":[23],"video":[25,33,107],"content":[26],"protection":[27],"due":[28],"to":[29,92,147,193,213,248],"compatibility":[31],"with":[32,98,166,236],"codecs,":[34],"favorable":[35],"visual":[36,100],"distortion,":[37],"and":[38,66,137,199],"low":[39],"time":[40],"complexity.":[41],"However,":[42],"few":[43],"studies":[44],"consider":[45],"SE":[46,64,96,197,209],"under":[48],"cryptographic":[49],"attacks.":[50],"To":[51,82],"fill":[52],"this":[53],"gap,":[54],"we":[55],"analyze":[56],"concerns":[59],"encrypted":[61,168],"bitstreams":[62],"by":[63],"schemes":[65,97,210],"propose":[67],"two":[68,94,207],"known":[69],"plaintext":[70],"attacks":[71],"(KPAs).":[72],"Then":[73],"corresponding":[75],"defense":[76],"is":[77,90,191],"presented":[78],"against":[79],"KPAs.":[81,216],"validate":[83],"effectiveness":[85],"KPA,":[88],"it":[89,144],"applied":[91],"attack":[93],"existing":[95,196,208],"superior":[99],"degradation":[101],"HEVC":[103,130],"videos.":[104],"Firstly,":[105],"sequences":[108],"are":[109,119,126,164,211],"encoded":[110],"using":[111],"H.265/HEVC.":[112],"During":[113],"encoding,":[114],"selected":[116],"syntax":[117,124,155,162,169],"elements":[118,125,156,163,170],"recorded.":[120],"Secondly,":[121],"recorded":[123],"imported":[127,139],"into":[128],"decoder.":[131],"By":[132],"utilizing":[133],"parameters":[136],"data":[140],"decoder,":[143,173],"becomes":[145],"possible":[146],"reconstruct":[148],"a":[149,178],"portion":[151],"original":[154],"before":[157],"encryption.":[158],"Finally,":[159],"reconstructed":[161],"compared":[165],"allowing":[174],"design":[176],"pseudo-key":[179],"stream":[180,231],"(PKS)":[181],"through":[182],"inverse":[184],"operations.":[188],"The":[189],"PKS":[190],"used":[192],"decrypt":[194],"scheme,":[198],"experimental":[201],"results":[202],"provide":[203],"evidence":[204],"that":[205],"vulnerable":[212],"proposed":[215],"In":[217],"case":[219],"single":[221],"bitstream":[222],"estimation":[223,232,242],"(SBE),":[224],"average":[226,241],"correct":[227],"rate":[228],"key":[230],"exceeds":[233],"93%.":[234],"Moreover,":[235],"multi-bitstream":[237],"complementation":[238],"(MBC),":[239],"accuracy":[243],"can":[244],"be":[245],"further":[246],"improved":[247],"99%.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-09-24T07:57:37.273135","created_date":"2024-06-13T00:00:00"}